At present, the corrosion resistance of materials such as 316L stainless steel is mainly tested by electrochemical testing, which is time-consuming, laborious and environmentally unfriendly. In this paper, the laser ultrasonic detection technology, which is a rapid, non-destructive, pollution-free microstructure and corrosion resistance evaluation method is used for the detection of 316L stainless steel, and the ultrasonic signals are filtered by the wavelet threshold denoising method. The results show that the laser ultrasonic attenuation coefficient obtained by the wavelet threshold denoising signal processing method has a good correlation with the corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel. A laser ultrasonic potential evaluation model was established based on the passivation film rupture potential and ultrasonic attenuation coefficient. The average relative error of the evaluation model for corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel is less than 5.00%. The relative error of corrosion resistance evaluated by the laser-receiving method is lower than that by the probe-receiving method. It is feasible to nondestructive evaluation of the corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel by laser ultrasonic technology.