Determination of heavy metal content in whey protein samples from markets in Giza, Egypt, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: A probabilistic risk assessment study

Development, Validation and Application of an ICP-SFMS Method for the Determination of Metals in Protein Powder Samples, Sourced in Ireland, with Risk Assessment for Irish Consumers

“…With an influential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, Cr is an essential component of diet and has an RDA of 20–35 µg·day −1 [ 43 ]. Recent studies by Elgammal et al (2019) [ 14 ] and Pinto et al (2020) have reported Cr concentrations in whey protein powders of <500–685 µg·kg −1 and 140–1270 µg·kg −1 , respectively. In this study, 50.1 (P25, whey)–703.0 (P24, whey) µg·kg −1 of Cr were determined in all protein powder samples tested, with daily intake of Cr estimated to be between 0.01 and 0.38 µg Cr·day −1 (70 kg person, single serving).…”

“…Mn plays an important role in a number of crucial biological processes including glucose and lipid metabolism, the development of bone and tissue, reproduction and the function of immune systems [ 43 ]. Mn has a reported RDA value of 2300 µg·day −1 [ 14 ], and previous studies have reported Mn concentrations in whey protein samples of <200–14,370 µg·kg −1 (Elgammal et al, 2019), 390–640 µg·kg −1 (Muller et al, 2016) and 60–19,200 µg·kg −1 (Pinto et al, 2020). Analysis of these sample returned Mn concentrations in the range of 100.8–5960.4 µg·kg −1 , with an EDI range of 0.04–4.17 µg Mn·day −1 (70 kg person, single serving), which is significantly lower than the UL reported for Mn of 11,000 µg·day −1 [ 34 ].…”

“…If HQ < 1, the risk of exposure is not expected to pose any adverse health effects, while HQ > 1 indicates that ingestion of the product carries an increased health risk for consumers. To estimate HQ , the following formulae (2) and (3) were used [ 14 ]: where Cfinal = calculated concentration of analyte in the original sample (µg·kg −1 ); IR = intake rate of protein powder per respective manufacturer serving sizes (kg·day −1 , 1–3 servings); BW = bodyweight (70 kg); RfD = reference oral dose (µg·kg −1 BW·day −1 ).…”

“…Despite the nutritional benefits of these supplements, protein powders can become adulterated by external sources, including contamination of the food chain by agricultural and anthropogenic activities [ 11 ], as well as contamination of the product itself during the manufacturing process [ 12 ]. In recent years, it has been reported that some protein powder products have been found to contain harmful substances that have the potential even at low levels to adversely impact human health [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], for example heavy metal elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. However, research into metal residues of protein powder samples is limited, and this study is the first examination of general metal contamination in protein powder samples available in the Irish marketplace.…”

Development and Validation of a Spectrometric Method for Cd and Pb Determination in Zeolites and Safety Evaluation

“…The first group uses a mass spectrometer to measure ions of analyte produced using inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) [22]. In the second group of analytical techniques, the optical emission of analyte ions is measured at specific wavelengths in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) [23,24]. The third group of atomic spectrometric techniques is based on the absorption of radiation at a specific wavelength by the atoms of analyte.…”