Determination of Heavy Metals in Herbal Food Supplements using Bismuth/Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes/Nafion modified Graphite Electrodes sourced from Waste Batteries

Abstract

An electrochemical sensor based on graphite electrode extracted from waste zinc-carbon battery is developed. The graphite electrode was modified with bismuth nanoparticles (BiNP), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and Nafion via the drop coating method. The bare and modified graphite electrodes were used as the working electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+). The modified electrode exhibited excellent electroanalytical performance for heavy metal detection in comparison with the bare graphite electrode. The linear concentration range from 5 parts per billion (ppb) to 1000 ppb (R2 = 0.996), as well as detection limits of 1.06 ppb for Cd2+ and 0.72 ppb for Pb2+ were obtained at optimized experimental conditions and parameters. The sensor was successfully utilized for the quantification of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in herbal food supplement samples with good agreement to the results obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Thus, the BiNP/MWCNT/Nafion modified graphite electrode is a cost-effective and environment-friendly sensor for monitoring heavy metal contamination.

Sensory development for heavy metal detection: A review on translation from conventional analysis to field-portable sensor

“…The electrodes were modified with bismuth nanoparticles and used in anodic stripping voltammetric technique for trace metal detection. The linear range was found to be 5 ppb to 1000 ppb with LODs of 1.06 ppb for Cd 2+ and 0.72 ppb for Pb 2+ (Palisoc, Vitto, & Natividad, 2019) .…”

“…The electrochemical analysis showed good sensitivity towards detection and a stability up to 72 hours (W. Zhang, et al, 2020). Palisoc et al (2019) has also reported the use of a graphite based electrode extracted from a Zn battery towards the detection of Cd and Pb in trace amounts in herbal food supplements. The electrodes were modified with bismuth nanoparticles and used in anodic stripping voltammetric technique for trace metal detection.…”

Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials for the Identification of Heavy Metal Ions—A Review

“…Palisoc et al [ 104 ] used discarded batteries to create a novel approach for detecting heavy metals in herbal dietary supplement samples using bismuth/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/nafion modified graphite electrodes. The crop-coating approach was used to modify the graphite electrode using bismuth nanoparticles (BiNP), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and Nafion.…”

On‐Site Detection for Hazardous Materials in Chemical Accidents

“…Due to the extreme toxicities, heavy metal ion pollution can be considered as a cause of serious health problem and environmental damage at their very low concentration. There is a series study of detection of heavy metal ions at trace levels such as mushroom‐derived carbon dots, 88 triple‐indicator‐based multidimensional colorimetric sensor platform, 89 atomically precise cluster−cellulose nanocrystal composites, 90 carbon nanotube composite electrodes, 91 and colorimetric sensors based on gold nanostructures 92,93 . Practical applications of identification of heavy metal ions utilizing nanosensor platform were demonstrated as a promising method to protect the environment and public health (Figure 3(c)).…”