Determination of Heavy Metals in Waste Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry

Kuokkanen, Toivo; Perämäki, Paavo; Välimäki, Ilkka; Rönkkömäki, Hannu

doi:10.1080/03067310108044347

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…We were especially interested in finding out if FAAS together with kerosene dilution could be a reasonable method for quantitative check-up measurements of indicator metals in machine condition diagnostics as well as in waste oil combustion. 15,17 As such, this study is a continuation of our earlier studies regarding oils and their properties. 15,[17][18][19] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…15,17 As such, this study is a continuation of our earlier studies regarding oils and their properties. 15,[17][18][19] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The operating conditions of ICP-OES were optimized for oil sample measurements in our earlier study. 15 The used spectral lines of both methods and the slit widths of FAAS are given in Table 2.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2,5,9 Xylene and kerosene are often used with ICP-OES. 14,15 When organic solvents are used, calibration standards must be made from organo-metallic substances. Suitable organo-metallic standards are commercially available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Wear Metals in Lubrication Oils: A Comparison Study of ICP-OES and FAAS

Vähäoja

Välimäki²,

Heino³

et al. 2005

ANAL. SCI.

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Certain wear metals (Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn) of various lubrication oils were determined by means of ICP-OES and FAAS. The kerosene dilution method, which is used widely together with ICP-OES, was applied with both methods here. Calibration standards were made from a commercial organo-metallic standard. Our aim was to clarify the possibility of using the quick kerosene dilution method together with FAAS for a rapid check for certain indicator metals. Metal determinations with FAAS were accurate enough for quantitative work in machine condition diagnostics and waste oil characterization, when compared with those with ICP-OES.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…15,17 As such, this study is a continuation of our earlier studies regarding oils and their properties. 15,[17][18][19] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Determination of Wear Metals in Lubrication Oils: A Comparison Study of ICP-OES and FAAS

Vähäoja

Välimäki²,

Heino³

et al. 2005

ANAL. SCI.

Self Cite

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“…The traditional way to introduce oil samples into the ICP is diluting it directly in an organic solvent (kerosene, MIBK, xylene, etc.). [15][16][17][18][19] This procedure does not minimize the problems associated with the high organic load, and necessarily requires the use of expensive and unstable analyte metallorganic standards for calibration. Alternatively, the acid decomposition of oil samples in microwave systems minimizes the organic load of samples, and allows the use of aqueous inorganic standards for calibration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of Refractory Elements in Used Lubricating Oil by ICPOES Employing Emulsified Sample Introduction and Calibration with Inorganic Standards

2004

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The quantitative determination of wear metals in used lubricating oil is an important application for engine and turbine diagnostic purposes, allowing preventive maintenance (oil changes, equipment overhauls and replacement of components) to be made before the collapse of equipment. 1 The wearing of metals causes solid metal debris of different sizes, metal oxides and metallorganic species, from mechanical wear, oxidative corrosion and chemical corrosion, respectivery. 1-3Several analytical methodologies based on atomic spectrometric techniques have been developed for such purposes. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS) has been one of the techniques of choice, since it tolerates samples of high organic load and, in general, allows good sensitivities to be achieved. 2,[4][5][6][7][8] In the case of refractory elements, which can be related to the wearing of specific parts of engines and turbines, 9 AAS methods are not suitable, since those elements have high boiling points and/or tend to form high melting-point carbides and oxides, leading to low sensitivities. 10 For refractory metals, better limits of detection can be obtained using ICPOES because of the efficient atomization, ionization and excitation achieved in the ICP. 11 In addition, ICPOES allows better precision and repeatability, presents wider linear dynamic ranges (4 to 6 orders of magnitude depending on the element) 11,12 and has multielemental detection capability, while ETAAS is basically a monoelemental technique, although sequential procedures can enable fast sequential detection for 2 or 3 elements. 8 Alternatively, a few ICP-MS methodologies for lubricating oils have been reported. Although these methodologies enabled good sensitivities, ICP-MS has a relatively more complex instrumentation and is thus prone to present problems when samples with a relatively high organic load are introduced, when compared to ICPOES. Because of this later limitation, methodologies for lubricating oil samples use either sample vaporization on a electrothermal device 3 or sample emulsification using very diluted surfactant emulsions (1% of oil). 13 In both cases, analyte oil standards have been employed for the calibration procedures.In general, in order to use a spectrometric technique for analysis, it is necessary to submit samples to some kind of treatment in order to make them compatible to the sample introduction systems and atomizers. The choice of such a preparation procedure is critical for the success of the analytical methodology, and several factors must be considered, such as the cost, preparation time and labor, potential for sample contamination and dilution factor. In the case of atomic emission spectrometry with an ICP source, the sample treatment aim is to reduce the organic load of the sample introduced into the plasma, because it affects its stability, reduces the energy available to analyte ionization and excitation and increases the background emission.14 Those factors are intimately related to the sensitivity of the ICPOES me...

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Analysis of additive metals in fuel and emission aerosols of diesel vehicles with and without particle traps

Ulrich

Wichser

2003

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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Fuel additives used in particle traps have to comply with environmental directives and should not support the formation of additional toxic substances. The emission of metal additives from diesel engines with downstream particle traps has been studied. Aspects of the optimisation of sampling procedure, sample preparation and analysis are described. Exemplary results in form of a mass balance calculation are presented. The results demonstrate the high retention rate of the studied filter system but also possible deposition of additive metals in the engine.

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Determination of Heavy Metals in Waste Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

Determination of Wear Metals in Lubrication Oils: A Comparison Study of ICP-OES and FAAS

Determination of Wear Metals in Lubrication Oils: A Comparison Study of ICP-OES and FAAS

Determination of Refractory Elements in Used Lubricating Oil by ICPOES Employing Emulsified Sample Introduction and Calibration with Inorganic Standards

Analysis of additive metals in fuel and emission aerosols of diesel vehicles with and without particle traps

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