Determination of kinetic parameters for the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde by differential scanning calorimetry

Šebenik, Anton; Vizovišek, I.; Lapanje, Savo

doi:10.1016/0014-3057(74)90117-7

Cited by 58 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…DSC has been used to study the cure behavior of phenolformaldehyde (Sebenik et al 1974;Kay and Westwood 1975;Christiansen and Gollob 1985;Wang et al 1996;Holopainen et al 1997), tannin-formaldehyde (Fechtal and Riedl 1993) and lignin-formaldehyde resins (Kazayawoko et al 1992;Matuana et al 1993;Barry et al 1993). Sebenik et al (1974) studied resol cure by DSC at a heating rate of 4 8C/min .…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 2. Thermal Analysis by DSC and TG

Amen-Chen¹,

Riedl²,

Roy³

2002

Holzforschung

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ResolSoftwood bark Pyrolysis oil DSC TG Cure behavior of resins formulated with petroleum phenol replaced by 25 and 50 wt % of softwood bark-derived pyrolysis oils, using various formaldehyde to phenolics molar ratios and alkalinity content, was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Kinetic parameters were obtained by the Borchart-Daniels method and the model-free (Vyazovkin) method. Resins containing up to 50 % by wt of pyrolysis oils had slower cure kinetics and lower extent of condensation reaction compared to a neat laboratory made phenol-formaldehyde resin. However, very similar kinetic curing behavior to the standard resins was found for resols having 25 % by wt of the petroleum phenol replaced by the pyrolysis oils. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) of cured pyrolysis oil-PF resins has been done under nitrogen and air environments at a constant heating rate. Thermal behavior of resins containing pyrolysis oils differed depending on the nature of the purge gas used in TG. Increasing the amount of pyrolysis oils decreased the thermal resistance of the experimental resins.

show abstract

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sebenik et al (1974) studied resol cure by DSC at a heating rate of 4 8C/min . They mixed equal molar amounts of phenolics and formaldehyde with NaOH contents ranging from 0±1 % by weight on a resin solid basis.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 2. Thermal Analysis by DSC and TG

Amen-Chen¹,

Riedl²,

Roy³

2002

Holzforschung

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although a significant number of publications on PF resins has been done specifically in the fields of kinetics and reaction modeling,9–11 flammability and thermal analysis12–16 and mechanical performance17, 18 investigations of the modifications of these resoles resins with natural renewable components from synthesis to final performance have been limited. In this study, blends of a phenolic resin (PF) with modified phenolic resins by the partial substitution of Phenol with Cardanol in the synthesis with Formaldehyde (CPF resins) were prepared and investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel phenolic resins with improved mechanical and toughness properties

Cardona

Kin-Tak

Fedrigo

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Novel phenolic type of thermoset resins were synthesized, and their mechanical and toughness properties were evaluated. Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) phenolic resins were modified to broaden their applications for modern composite structures. A first modification consisted of copolymerization of Phenol with Cardanol during the synthesis of resole phenolic (CPF) resins. The modified phenolic resins (CPF) were prepared at various molar ratios of total Phenol to Formaldehyde (F : P ratio) and with different weight ratios of Phenol to Cardanol. CPF resins with a maximum content of 40 wt % of Cardanol were synthesized and used. The CPF resins were applied as a plasticizer and toughening agent to the base PF resins. Both resins (CPF/PF) were mixed in different proportions, and their thermal and mechanical properties were then established. A full miscibility of the two resins was observed with the formation of a single-phase system. An increase in the content of Cardanol resulted in a proportional increase of the flexural strength and fracture toughness together with a decrease of the flexural modulus of the cured CPF/PF resins. Further increased plasticizing and toughening effect was also observed by the blending of the CPF resins with propylene glycol. The higher toughness and flexibility effect of the CPF resins was obtained with a F : P molar ratio equal to 1.25 and with a Cardanol content of 40% (w/w).

show abstract

“…These values were slightly less performant than those previously reported for methylolation and condensation of other phenolics with formaldehyde. 78.8kj/mol for the phenol-formaldehyde condensation when the amount of NaOH is increased from 0.25 to 1.00 per cent were reported (Sebenik et al 1974).…”

Section: Enthalpie Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%