Determination of Lead(II) Using Screen‐Printed Bismuth‐Antimony Film Electrode

Abstract

This work presents a disposable bismuth-antimony film electrode fabricated on screen-printed electrode (SPE) substrates for lead(II) determination. This bismuth-antimony film screen-printed electrode (Bi-SbSPE) is simply prepared by simultaneously in situ depositing bismuth(III) and antimony(III) with analytes on the homemade SPE. The Bi-SbSPE can provide an enhanced electrochemical stripping signal for lead(II) compared to bismuth film screen-printed electrodes (BiSPE), antimony film screen-printed electrodes (SbSPE) and bismuth-antimony film glassy carbon electrodes (Bi-SbGC). Under optimized conditions, the Bi-SbSPE exhibits attractive linear responses towards lead(II) with a detection limit of 0.07 mg/L. The Bi-SbSPE has been demonstrated successfully to detect lead in river water sample.

Antimony- based electrodes for analytical determinations

“…However, currently an increasing number of types of SPE can be commercially purchased from different firms specialized in the design and mass production of instruments for electrochemical purposes [47,50]. As can be seen in Table 3, almost all studies, which use a SbSPE, focus again on quantification of heavy metal ions in different water samples by means of stripping techniques [10,52,[47][48][49][50]. Nevertheless, SbSPE prepared on-line and installed as part of a sequential injection system, was also used as an electrochemical detector to determine azo dyes in food samples [52].…”

“…9(e.g., Dropsens, PalmSens Electrochemical Sensor Interface, Pine Research Instrumentation, eDAQ, Metrohm, Micrux Technologies, etc). Similarly to other supports, the working electrode of the SPE device can be modified via the usual Sb-coating methods.Commonly, carbon is the preferred material for the working electrode surface for the modification with Sb via in-situ or ex-situ[10,49,[51][52], although the working carbon layer can also be modified with novel material such as 4 % (w/w) of MWCNTs and 4 % (w/w) of [Bmim]BF that were added into the graphite carbon ink[48]. For the "bulk" modification approach Sb 2 O 3 , SnO 2 /Sb 2 O 5 , or Sb III (C 2 O 4 )OH were used as a metal precursor which is loaded with graphite at different loadings during SPE fabrication…”

Novel in situ Bi−Sb‐Film Electrodes for Trace Heavy Metal Analysis

“…The Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) concentrations employed were 89.2 μg/L (simultaneously), as all three analytes were within the linear concentration range for all three 0.6Bi0.4Sb_0.5_mg/L, 0.1Bi0.9Sb_1.0_mg/L, and 0.0Bi1.0Sb_0.5_mg/L combinations at t acc =60 s. In general, the longer the t acc , the more analyte is deposited and a higher stripping signal is expected. Moreover, it was reported previously that by using BiFE, SbFE, and Bi−SbFE and employing longer t acc better analytical performances for heavy metal determination were obtained , . The stripping signal of the three analytes (Δ i ) was plotted vs. t acc , as shown in Figure (one of the three replicates is given).…”

“…Based on the good analytical performances of BiFE and SbFE, the idea arose to try different combinations thereof . This calls for a systematic approach to determine the best Sb(III):Bi(III) γ ratio to design a new in situ electrode with the best analytical performance, which was the focus of the present study.…”

Miniaturized chemical sensor with bio-inspired micropillar working electrode array for lead detection

“…Although SPEs have the potential to replace conventional macro-sized electrodes, effectiveness of SPEs to detect low concentration samples highly depends on the mass transport efficiency of metal ions towards the electrode surface. In general, vigorous stirring of testing solution [26][27][28] is involved in the course of electrochemical measurement to ensure adequate metal ions can be transported to the vicinity of sensing electrode.…”