Determination of lead in biomass and products of the pyrolysis process by direct solid or liquid sample analysis using HR-CS GF AAS

Abstract

A method has been developed for the determination of lead in biomass, bio-oil, pyrolysis aqueous phase, and biomass ashes by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS) and direct solid or liquid sample analysis. All measurements were performed without chemical modifier and calibration could be carried out using aqueous standard solutions. A pyrolysis temperature of 800°C and an atomization temperature of 2200°C were applied. The limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 0.5 µg kg(-1) and 2 µg kg(-1) using the analytical line at 217.001 nm and 6 µg kg(-1) and 19 µg kg(-1) at 283.306 nm. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was between 3% and 10%, which is suitable for direct analysis. The lead concentrations found for the solid samples varied between 0.28 and 1.4 mg kg(-1) for biomass and between 0.25 and 2.3 mg kg(-1) for ashes, these values were much higher than those found for bio-oil (2.2-16.8 µg kg(-1)) and pyrolysis aqueous phase (3.2-18.5 µg kg(-1)). After the determination of lead in the samples, it was possible to estimate the relative distribution of this element in the fractions of the pyrolysis products, and it was observed that most of the lead present in the biomass was eliminated to the environment during the pyrolysis process, with a significant portion retained in the ashes.

Determination of lead in guava (Psidium guajava) planted near Sagian Wala Bypass, Lahore

“…The samples were filtered with the help of Whatman filter paper and clear solution was obtained for Lead analysis. A standard solution of Pb of 1000 mg/L was diluted in to series of standard solution (2ppm, 4ppm, 6ppm) up to the mark with distilled water [10].…”

Conversion of waste to sustainable aviation fuel via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Front‐end design decisions

“…The literature on non‐CHNSO element concentration in bio‐ and waste oils is quite scattered and most references conducted only analyses for specific elements instead of a full characterization of all non‐CHNSO element concentrations. The reported elements and the maximum concentration in oils produced from such materials are summarized in Figure 3 91,114,128,161–188 …”

“…Non‐CHNSO elements and maximum concentrations reported in bio‐ and waste oils in Refs. 91,114,128,161–188…”

High-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry: a review of current applications

“…143 Solid-sampling fl ame AAS (HR-CS-F AAS) has a number of limitations associated with the sensitivity of determination and interference. Therefore, atomic absorption analysis of solid samples can be best done using HR-CS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GF AAS) (see Refs 19,22,23,[27][28][29][43][44][45][47][48][49]58,70,73,76,77,89,101,102,108,116,126,131,132).…”