“…Because of the small particle size, ferrofluids involved nanoscience and nanotechnology from their inception. With modern advances in understanding nanoscale systems, current research focuses on synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of nanoparticles with magnetic and surface properties tailored for application as micro/nanoelectromechanical sensors, actuators, and micro/nanofluidic devices [20 & ]; and for such biomedical applications as [20 & ,21 && ] nanobiosensors, targeted drug-delivery vectors [22], magnetocytolysis of cancerous tumors, hyperthermia [23], separations and cell sorting, magnetic resonance imaging [24,25], immunoassays [26], radiolabelled magnetic fluids [27], and X-ray microtomography for three dimensional analysis of magnetic nanoparticle distribution in biological applications, a crucial parameter for therapeutic evaluation [28].…”