Determination of Niacinamide in Lotions and Creams Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Usher, Karyn M.; Simmons, Carolyn R.; Keating, Daniel W.; Rossi, Henry F. Iii

doi:10.1021/ed500788q

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…All chemicals used were of either analytical or pharmaceutical grade. 12 10 mg of Niacinamide was accurately weighed and transferred into 10 ml clean dry volumetric flask; 7 ml of water was added and sonicated for 5 mins. Finally, the volume was made up to 10 ml with water.…”

Section: Materials and Methods Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Diffusion Membranes on the Diffusion Rate of Niacinamide and Diclofenac Sodium From Topical Formulations

Suriyanarayanan¹,

Shivakumar²,

Shivanandappa³

2016

PHME

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The aim of the study was to correlate diffusivity of Niacinamide from a cream formulation and Diclofenac sodium from a gel formulation. Evaluation is done by in vitro drug release through Franz diffusion cell and different diffusion membranes. The membranes used for the study were Polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Dialysis mem branes. Phosphate buffer pH 5.5 was the receptor medium. Studies showed significant variations in the diffusion rate of niacinamide and Diclofenac sodium across different membranes. The percentage of Niacinamide diffused from niacinamide cream after 120 min was found to be PTFE (1.5%), PVDF (54.15%) and Dialysis membranes (21.6%). The percentage of diclofenac sodium diffused from diclofenac gel after 180 min was found to be PTFE (2.42%), PVDF (14.42%) and Dialysis membranes (9.8%). From the study it was concluded that membranes having different characteristic property shows different diffusivity. Therefore interpretation of in vitro diffusion data to correlate with in vivo dermal penetration need further indepth study.

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Section: Materials and Methods Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Diffusion Membranes on the Diffusion Rate of Niacinamide and Diclofenac Sodium From Topical Formulations

Suriyanarayanan¹,

Shivakumar²,

Shivanandappa³

2016

PHME

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“…While the procedure itself is of moderate complexity for the novice organic chemistry student, the underlying concepts and their interconnectedness provide a more nuanced opportunity to probe student understanding of solubility/miscibility, density, and acid–base chemistry. In the classic liquid–liquid extraction separation procedure, two components (or more) are separated by using base to selectively deprotonate one component rendering it soluble in water while the other component remains soluble in the organic phase. − After separation of the phases, the aqueous phase is then acidified, reprotonating the water-soluble conjugate base to yield an insoluble material that can be removed by filtration or by extraction with an organic phase. Alternately, a component that readily protonates may be extracted into an aqueous phase using acid, and then base to return the component to the organic phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation of Food Colorings via Liquid–Liquid Extraction: An At-Home Organic Chemistry Lab

Orzolek

Kozlowski

2021

J. Chem. Educ.

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Herein, we describe an accessible and safe organic chemistry lab experiment that can be completed at home. Liquid−liquid extraction is a fundamental organic chemistry lab experiment that touches on topics such as chemical structure, density, solubility, and acid−base chemistry. Given the increased demand for safe organic chemistry experiments that can be performed in the at-home environment, we have adapted the conventional wet lab liquid−liquid extraction experience by using food colorants. Students are first guided through sample questions to establish a basic understanding of solubility, acid−base chemistry, and separation via extraction techniques. Next, they are given unknown dye mixtures which they subject to liquid−liquid extraction using a plastic soda bottle with vegetable oil, water, white vinegar, and sodium bicarbonate. All materials are readily available and food-safe, making the experiment amenable to the at-home environment while still allowing students to physically engage in a foundational lab experiment.

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“…Depending on the pH of the aqueous solution and the p K a of different functional groups, molecules will exist in their ionic or nonionic states and dissolve better in either the aqueous or organic layer (Figure ). Although there have been several laboratory experiments designed to teach students this technique, − beginning students of organic chemistry continue to struggle to connect the concepts involved in acid–base extraction . Therefore, additional methods such as demonstrations should be implemented to increase and support students’ learning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visually Tracking Acid–Base Extractions Using Colorful Compounds

2020

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Acid–base extraction is an important concept in organic chemistry that beginning students often find challenging to comprehend. Herein, we describe the use of a simple demonstration suitable for lecture that allows students to visually track the chemical events that take place in a separatory funnel. The demonstration involves the use of two safe and available dyes with different acid–base properties, phenolphthalein and neutral red. The dyes present distinct colors in their ionic and nonionic forms. With a change in the pH of the media in the separatory funnel, the colors of the solutions change according to the compounds’ ionic states and their solubilities in either the aqueous or the organic layers. This provides a visual record of chemical concepts, which helps students to better understand the partition of different molecules between the organic and aqueous layers in an extraction process. In addition, we provide resources describing how to use this demonstration in class aiming to enhance students’ engagement and comprehension of the topic.

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Determination of Niacinamide in Lotions and Creams Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of Different Diffusion Membranes on the Diffusion Rate of Niacinamide and Diclofenac Sodium From Topical Formulations

Effect of Different Diffusion Membranes on the Diffusion Rate of Niacinamide and Diclofenac Sodium From Topical Formulations

Separation of Food Colorings via Liquid–Liquid Extraction: An At-Home Organic Chemistry Lab

Visually Tracking Acid–Base Extractions Using Colorful Compounds

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