Determination of nitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in air and diesel particulate matter using liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection

MacCrehan, William A.; May, Willie E.; Yang, S. D.; Benner, Bruce A.

doi:10.1021/ac00154a001

Cited by 102 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The nitroarenes formed from the OH radical-initiated reactions of the PAH (Table 3) those observed in direct emissions such as diesel exhaust particles. For example, the most abundant nitro-isomers of pyrene, fluorene, and fluoranthene observed in diesel exhaust are 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, and 3-nitrofluoranthene, respectively (62)(63)(64)(65), while the isomers formed from the gas-phase OH radical-initiated reactions of these PAH are 2-nitropyrene (9,14), 3-nitrofluorene (58), and 2-nitrofluoranthene (9,14), respectively. To date, there is no convincing evidence for significant artifact formation of nitro-PAH during atmospheric sampling, at least when using standard high-volume samplers (66).…”

Section: H-chohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Chemistry of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Formation of Atmospheric Mutagens

Atkinson¹,

Arey²

1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

129

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The atmospheric chemistry of the 2-to 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which exist mainly in the gas phase in the atmosphere, is discussed. The dominant loss process for the gas-phase PAH is by reaction with the hydroxyl radical, resulting in calculated lifetimes in the atmosphere of generally less than one day. The hydroxyl (OH) radical-initiated reactions and nitrate (NO3) radical-initiated reactions often lead to the formation of mutagenic nitro-PAH and other nitropolycyclic aromatic compounds, including nitrodibenzopyranones. These atmospheric reactions have a significant effect on ambient mutagenic activity, indicating that health risk assessments of combustion emissions should include atmospheric transformation products. -Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 4): 117-126 (1994).

show abstract

Section: H-chohmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Chemistry of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Formation of Atmospheric Mutagens

Atkinson¹,

Arey²

1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

129

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Os hidrocarbonetos aromáticos polinucleares (HPA) formados durante a combustão incompleta de materiais contendo carbono, em especial carvão e derivados do petróleo, mesmo na baixa concentração em que geralmente se apresentam, afetam incisivamente o equilíbrio atmosférico 3,16 . Esses hidrocarbonetos também sofrem reações de nitração [25][26][27] e oxidação atmosféricas 3 , cujos produtos possuem efeito genotóxico 28 , além de produzirem fototoxinas que participam da destruição de florestas 2,3 . Considerando-se que, diariamente, cerca de 12 m 3 (15 kg) de ar são inalados pela maioria dos indivíduos, quantidade essa que pode variar com a idade e nível de atividade de cada pessoa, é de se esperar que a qualidade da respiração afete o funcionamento do metabolismo celular do organismo e, portanto, a saúde do indivíduo 1,3 .…”

Section: A Poluição Atmosférica E Suas Conseqüências Na Saúde Públicaunclassified

unclassified

A poluição gerada por máquinas de combustão interna movidas à diesel - a questão dos particulados. Estratégias atuais para a redução e controle das emissões e tendências futuras

Braun¹,

Appel²,

Schmal

2004

Quím. Nova

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recebido em 17/3/03; aceito em 2/9/03 THE POLLUTION FROM DIESEL ENGINES -THE PARTICULATE MATTER CURRENT EXPERIENCES AND FUTURE NEEDS. The exhaust emissions of vehicles greatly contribute to environmental pollution. Diesel engines are extremely fuelefficient. However, the exhaust compounds emitted by diesel engines are both a health hazard and a nuisance to the public. This paper gives an overview of the emission control of particulates from diesel exhaust compounds. The worldwide emission standards are summarized. Possible devices for reducing diesel pollutants are discussed. It is clear that after-treatment devices are necessary. Catalytic converters that collect particulates from diesel exhaust and promote the catalytic burn-off are examined. Finally, recent trends in diesel particulate emission control by novel catalysts are presented.Keywords: diesel particulates; soot; diesel exhaust after-treatment; catalysts. INTRODUÇÃODesde os tempos mais remotos, o homem vem se tornando cada vez mais consciente do perigo que representa uma atmosfera poluí-da, tanto aquela gerada de modo natural, por ocasião das erupções vulcânicas ou pelo efeito de pólen, como a provocada por ele mesmo, desde a invenção do fogo. Existem registros de que essa preocupação motivou várias disposições legislativas em alguns países, como a França, onde, em 1382, Carlos VI proibiu a emissão de gases féti-dos, ou a Inglaterra, onde existia, já no século XVII, uma disposição que proibia acender fogo durante as sessões do parlamento de Westminster 1,2 . A partir da explosão industrial e urbana do século XIX, a poluição atmosférica aumentou consideravelmente e de tal forma que as relações entre o homem e seu meio ambiente tornaram-se totalmente alteradas. A Revolução Industrial rompeu de vez com o equilíbrio que ainda era possível o homem manter com a natureza. Nas décadas de 60 e 70, o problema agravou-se muito, adquirindo proporções dramáticas, tanto pela sua intensificação como pela extensão geográfica, o que se constituiu, na época, em motivo de inquietação crescente nas zonas urbanas e industriais 1,3 . Atualmente, apesar de alguns autores considerarem que mesmo as investigações científicas altamente complexas ainda não são avançadas o suficiente para fornecerem conclusões irrefutáveis acerca de como controlar e retroceder a poluição ambiental, em especial, a poluição atmosférica 2-6 , pode-se verificar que muitas disposições adotadas em vários países estão sendo capazes de, ao menos, diminuir a taxa de aumento da concentração dos principais poluentes [6][7][8][9] . Londres e Califórnia são exemplos de localidades sob forte disposição legislativa, que mantém os níveis dos poluentes ambientais controlados 9 . Deve-se salientar que isso se tornou possível, principalmente, devido ao uso e contínuo desenvolvimento dos catalisadores de pós-combustão 9-15 . É patente, portanto, que a pesquisa científica tem contribuído de maneira inestimável para o estudo e a preservação do meio ambiente 16 . Entretanto, a tensão verificada na Conferência de Kioto ...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5] Yet, few studies on the reductive detection of aromatic nitro compounds are to be found in the literature. [6][7][8] This is mainly because deoxygenation of the medium must be carried out for electrochemical detection in a cathodic mode. 3,[9][10][11][12] Otherwise, dissolved oxygen, whose potential for reduction is quite low at common electrodes such as carbons, exhibits a cathodic response, preventing the sensitive and reproducible determination of analytes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Performance Liquid Chromatography with an Electrochemical Detector in the Cathodic Mode as a Tool for the Determination of p-Nitrophenol and Assay of Acid Phosphatase in Urine Samples

et al. 2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aromatic nitro compounds including nitrazepam, chloramphenicol, and p-nitrophenyl phosphate are often found in pharmaceuticals and as common reagents 1) for the assay of enzymes such as phosphatase and peptidase. The nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins has been recognized as an important process for regulating pathological conditions of various diseases induced by oxidative stress.2) Thus, general and sensitive methods for the determination of aromatic nitro compounds in biological fluids are needed.Spectrophotometric methods are currently used for the analysis of aromatic nitro compounds. As an alternative, cathodic detection can be considered, since aromatic nitro groups are known to undergo electrochemical reduction at a relatively positive potential. [3][4][5] Yet, few studies on the reductive detection of aromatic nitro compounds are to be found in the literature. [6][7][8] This is mainly because deoxygenation of the medium must be carried out for electrochemical detection in a cathodic mode.3,9-12) Otherwise, dissolved oxygen, whose potential for reduction is quite low at common electrodes such as carbons, exhibits a cathodic response, preventing the sensitive and reproducible determination of analytes. Notably in high performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector (ECD/HPLC) in the cathodic mode, a rather tedious procedure must be applied continuously for a mobile phase. However, a cathodic ECD/HPLC system has the following advantages over other HPLC systems: (1) in general, downsizing of an electrochemical HPLC system is more feasible than that of a spectrophotometric one; (2) cathodically active compounds are rare in biological fluids, so there are fewer problems from interference or separation in comparison to anodic ECD/HPLC. To develop a useful bioanalytical method based on these advantages, especially the second, we tested a cathodic ECD/HPLC system as a sensitive and precise tool for the determination of p-nitrophenol (NP). Recently, ECD/HPLC systems with a dual mode have been developed for the determination of a nitrophenol analogue, nitrotyrosine. [13][14][15] The detection of nitrotyrosine using such systems comprises two electrochemical processes for transformation and detection as follows: cathodic reduction to the corresponding aminophenol at an upstream electrode and oxidation of the product at a downstream (detection) electrode. Although dual ECD/HPLC was demonstrated to provide a highly sensitive tool for the analysis of nitrotyrosine, a sophisticated electrochemical device is required and anodic oxidation-based detection will encounter problems with separation since biological fluids contain a large number of anodically active compounds. The purpose of this study is to take full advantage of the potential utility of cathodic detection, to develop a simple and general ECD/HPLC system for NP in biological samples. Herein, we report that utilizing not only a commercially available helium-purging device but also PEEK tubes for all tubing makes the ECD/HPLC system a ...

show abstract

Determination of nitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in air and diesel particulate matter using liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection

Cited by 102 publications

References 44 publications

Atmospheric Chemistry of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Formation of Atmospheric Mutagens

Atmospheric Chemistry of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Formation of Atmospheric Mutagens

A poluição gerada por máquinas de combustão interna movidas à diesel - a questão dos particulados. Estratégias atuais para a redução e controle das emissões e tendências futuras

High Performance Liquid Chromatography with an Electrochemical Detector in the Cathodic Mode as a Tool for the Determination of p-Nitrophenol and Assay of Acid Phosphatase in Urine Samples

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About