Determination of phenothiazine derivatives in human urine by using ionic liquid-based dynamic liquid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography

Recent Advances in Microextraction Techniques of Antipsychotics in Biological Fluids Prior to Liquid Chromatography Analysis

“…Next, the lumen is filled with the acceptor phase, which could be an organic, an acidic or a basic solution. For the analysis, the fiber is inserted in the sample, which is the donor phase containing the analytes and extraction takes place into the immobilized organic solvent [22].…”

“…After that, back extraction from the organic solvent takes place in the final receptor solution, which is the aqueous solution placed into the lumen of the hollow fiber. This extraction mode is limited to basic or acidic analytes that can be ionized [22].…”

“…These parameters are the material of the fiber, the type of organic solvent, the pH of the sample and the acceptor phase, the volume of sample and of solvent, the time, the temperature, the ionic strength and the stirring speed [22].…”

“…As for the disperser solvent, it has to be soluble in the organic solvent and miscible in water in order to enable the organic solvent to be dispersed in the sample and to form a cloudy solution. The most common disperser solutions are acetone, methanol and acetonitrile [22].…”

Potentiometric Sensors for the Determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations

“…It is widely used to control some psychotic disturbances such as depression, agitation, anxiety, psychosis and acute confusional state. Different methods have been reported for the determination of TFP in products and biological samples such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 2,3 spectrophotometry, [4][5][6] fluorometry, 7 capillary electrophoresis, 8 and voltammetry. 9 However, many of these methods are complicated and time consuming, or require expensive equipment.…”