Determination of platinum in blood by adsorptive voltammetry

Abstract

This work describes a sensitive method for the determination of platinum in blood, which can be used for determining the natural levels of platinum in human blood, for monitoring patients treated with platinum cytotoxic drugs, and for monitoring occupational exposure to these drugs and other platinum compounds. The method involves dry ashing of blood samples in a muffle furnace and determination of platinum by adsorptive voltammetric (AV) measurement of the catalytic reduction of protons by the platinum-formazone complex. The detection limit for a 100-microL sample of blood is 0.017 micrograms/L, with a recovery of 94% and a relative standard deviation of 7% at a platinum level of 1 microgram/L. By using this method, the natural levels of platinum in human blood were found to be in the range 0.1-2.8 micrograms/L (median = 0.6 micrograms/L). These results were verified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with blood prepared by wet ashing and using gold as an internal standard.

Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review

“…This is because this analytical technique requires a sample degradation step via photolysis digestion. 113,[288][289][290] For the separation step, different chromatographic supports were used, including reversed phase columns, 269,270,277,281,278 ion exchange columns, 275 HILIC support 285 or cellulose based columns for the enantiomer resolution of oxaliplatin. 291 CE was also reported as a promising technique for the separation of platinum derivatives.…”

The application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in clinical pharmacological oncology research

“…Another study used a similar procedure for the digestion of whole blood and plasma (Morrison et al, 2000). Nygren et al (1990) digested samples by dry ashing and wet ashing. For the first procedure, a combination of concentrated HNO 3 and HCl (aqua regia), and temperatures up to 8008C were used to obtain a dried and ashed sample.…”

“…In addition to spiking the analyte in the biological matrix (Morrison et al, 2000;Bettinelli et al, 2004;Brouwers et al, 2006Brouwers et al, , 2007cZoriy et al, 2007) some authors use alternative matrices containing the major components of the biological matrix, such as saline solutions (Nygren et al, 1990;Gamelin et al, 1997Gamelin et al, , 1998 and artificial plasma (Allain et al, 1992). Others use calibrants in water (Hann et al, 2003a) or in diluted acid (Casetta et al, 1991;Hanada et al, 1998a,b;Ding et al, 1999;Screnci et al, 2000;Yamada et al, 2005).…”

“…Furthermore, it can determine the amount of sample needed. Conventional pneumatic nebulisers (concentric or cross flow), which are often used for Pt or Ru analysis (Nygren et al, 1990;Allain et al, 1992;Perry & Balazs, 1994;Gamelin et al, 1995;Morazzoni et al, 1995;Azim-Araghi et al, 2001;Liu et al, 2002a;John et al, 2003) operate at a flow rate of 0.5-1 mL/min (Todoli & Mermet, 2006). The high flow rate in combination with the time required to carry out a complete signal reading (1-5 min), requires a high sample volume (>1 mL).…”

“…The assays can be roughly divided into two groups. The first group comprises methods for the determination of total metal concentrations utilizing techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Vermorken, van der Vijgh, & Pinedo, 1980;Crul et al, 2001;Brouwers et al, 2006), voltammetry (Shearan & Smyth, 1988;Nygren et al, 1990;Gerl & Schierl, 2000;Gietema et al, 2000;Gelevert et al, 2001), differential pulse polarography (DPP) (Vrana, Brabec, & Kleinwachter, 1986), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (Xilei, Heydorn, & Rietz, 1992;Rietz, Heydorn, & Krarup-Hansen, 1994), X-ray spectrometry (Gorodetsky et al, 1993), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (Stewart et al, 1982;Seifert et al, 1983;Jonson, Mattsson, & Unsgaard, 1988), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (Dominici et al, 1986), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The second group includes methods for the speciation of the various Pt or Ru species.…”