Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH4) in the Traditional Lebanese Grilled Chicken: Implementation of New, Rapid and Economic Analysis Method

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cooked (tandoori) chicken and associated health risk

“…The PAH4 levels found in the present study were lower than those reported by Husseini et al. (2017) for Lebanese grilled chicken (1.52–49.9 μg/kg) where 40% of the samples exceeded the defined limits. In addition, the levels of PAH4 observed in the present study were lower (except for T3 sample, 31.5 μg/kg) than 30 μg/kg limit as defined by the European Commission in 2011 for smoked meat (Aaslyng et al., 2013).…”

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination of Flamed and Braised Chickens and Health Risk Assessment in Burkina Faso

“…BaP (14.95 and 1.75 μg/kg) and 4PAHs (BaP + Chr + BaA + BbF) (78.46 and 15.14 μg/kg) were respectively eight and five times more abundant at the median level in flamed chickens than in braised ones. The median concentrations of both BaP and 4PAHs were higher than those found in traditional Lebanese grilled chicken [ 30 ], Iranian charcoal-grilled chicken [ 31 ] and Turkish grilled chicken [ 32 ]. The contents of BaP and 4PAHs in all flamed chicken samples were above the limits set by the European Commission [ 33 ] against 23% for both in braised chickens.…”

Analytical chemistry, formation, mitigation, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From food processing to in vivo metabolic transformation

“…Supercritical fluid extraction is able to extract PAHs selectively and efficiently from complex matrices under the supercritical condition; however, the final solvent evaporation step may cause loss or degradation of the analytes (Kayali‐Sayadi, Rubio‐Barroso, García‐Iranzo, & Polo‐Díez, 2000; Ali & Cole, 2001; Amezcua‐Allieri, Ávila‐Chávez, Trejo, & Meléndez‐Estrada, 2012). Other cutting‐edge techniques that consume lower amounts of solvent and reduce experimental steps have been reported, such as matrix‐solid phase dispersion (Pensado, Casais, Mejuto, & Cela, 2005; Olson, Meyer, & Portier, 2014), membrane‐assisted solvent extraction (Rodil, Schellin, & Popp, 2007), microwave‐assisted extraction (Germán‐Hernández, Pino, Anderson, & Afonso, 2012), ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction (Veiga et al., 2014), ultrasound‐assisted emulsification‐microextraction (USAEME) (Yebra‐Pimentel, Martínez‐Carballo, Regueiro, & Simal‐Gándara, 2013), stir‐bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) (Kolahgar, Hoffmann, & Heiden, 2002), solid‐phase micro‐extraction (SPME) (King, Readman, & Zhou, 2004; Purcaro, Moret, & Conte, 2007; Purcaro, Morrison, Moret, Conte, & Marriott, 2007; Lin, Wei, Jiang, Zhu, & Ouyang, 2016; Jalili, Barkhordari, & Ghiasvand, 2020), magnetic solid‐phase extraction (MSPE) (Zhao et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2017), dispersive liquid–liquid micro‐extraction (DLLME) (Rezaee et al., 2006; Cai, Stevens, & Syage, 2012; Kamankesh, Mohammadi, Hosseini, & Modarres Tehrani, 2015), and the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, effective, and safe (QuEChERS) method (Ramalhosa, Paíga, Morais, Delerue‐Matos, & Oliveira, 2009; Smoker, Tran, & Smith, 2010; Gratz et al., 2011; Kao, Chen, Chen, Huang, & Chen, 2012; El Husseini, Makkouk, Rabaa, Al Omar, & Jaber, 2018; Wang, Cheng, Han, & Xie, 2020). SPME is a solvent‐free single‐step pretreatment method with low detection limits and good performance, which is a favorable pretreatment technique for PAH analysis.…”