Determination of reference intervals for metabolic profile of Hanwoo cows at early, middle and late gestation periods

Abstract

BackgroundMetabolic profile was initially designed as a presymptomatic diagnostic aid based on statistical analyses of blood metabolites to provide an early warning of certain types of metabolic disorder. However, there is little metabolic profile data available about Korean Hanwoo cows. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the reference intervals of metabolic profile for Korean Hanwoo cows.MethodsHealthy animals (2,205) were selected and divided into early (day 1 to 95), middle (day 96 to 190) and late (day 191 to 285) period according to their gestating period. Metabolic profile including total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), urea (UREA), glucose (Glu), total cholesterol (T-Cho), long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), creatinine (Crea), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorous (iP) and magnesium (Mg) were analyzed using a TBA-40FR automatic biochemical analyzer. The data of Korean Hanwoo cows were then compared to those of the Japanese Wagyu cows.ResultsMost of the data of the Korean Hanwoo cows were relatively higher than those of Japanese Wagyu cows, with the exception of Glu and GGT. This may indicate that the nutritional level of feed for the Korean Hanwoo cows was higher than that of the Japanese Wagyu cows because of the different feeding system. In particular, relatively higher levels of UREA and LCFA were observed in the Korean Hanwoo cows, and this may also contribute to the low reproduction efficiency.ConclusionsThese findings may provide some theoretical basis for understanding the reproductive and feeding situation of Korean Hanwoo cows.

Plasma biochemical profile of dairy cows, with respect to diet and breed

“…Due to their low variation in blood, and high variation in feeds, Ca and P have high diagnostic meaning in determining the nutritional status of animals. Our results were within normal ranges for mid-lactation stage and similar with the findings reported in other studies (Brscic et al, 2015;Rutkowska et al, 2015;Piao et al, 2015;Djokovic et al, 2014). Thus, the values obtained in this study reinforces the fact that Ca varies mostly with the cow's physiological state while P varies more with the nature of the feed or with season, with lower levels in the summer period (Yokus & Cakir, 2006), conversely to other research (Shrikhande et al, 2008) who found no variation in season.…”

“…Our results indicated a plus of 24% statistically difference of RS-by diet over SBM diet, and although not significant, a slightly high content of Mg was found in MB breed compared to RBS cows which may indicate, in both cases, a better availability or, on the contrary, a higher degree of Mg utilization by SBM group or RBS cows. The mean values of plasma Mg in the present study were in close agreement with those obtained by Rutkowska et al (2015), Yokus & Cakir (2006), and much lower than the values given by Ambica & Rao (2012), Shrikhande et al (2008), Piao et al (2015), Djokovic et al (2014 or Nehra (2016).…”

“…Also, the higher GGT activity might be a long-term effect of the hepatic stress induced by the preceding lactation (Brscic, 2015) or, generally, the increased liver enzymes activities in animals could be due to exposure to any stress like nutritional stress, environmental stress, and physiological stress (pregnancy and lactation) (Nessim, 2010). However, our GGT results were close to those reported by Nehra (2016), higher than those obtained by Piao et al (2015), Todorović & Davidović (2012), Otomaru et al (2015) and lower than those determined by Górski & Saba (2012), Mohamed (2014) and Rutkowska et al (2015). Considering the level of other enzymes reported in the present study, which was inside the lower and upper physiological limits, we can conclude that the liver function was not affected by any of the main factors.…”

Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows: Insights into the Mechanistic Mode of Actions and Mitigating Strategies

“…Abuelo et al (2015) [51] also proposed that nutrition plays a crucial role in free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, which is vital in high-yielding cows that are naturally susceptible to oxidative stress. Blood metabolites are well known to reflect an animal's nutritional status as well as its physiological status [52]. To maintain a low level of ROS production, tissues are equipped with a robust antioxidant defense system that includes endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., albumin, bilirubin, and glutathione), enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase: SOD, catalase: CAT, and glutathione peroxidase: GPx), and exogenous antioxidants (e.g., tocopherols and carotenoids) [53].…”