Determination of sulfur in biological samples using high-resolution molecular absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace with direct solid sampling

Elemental labelling combined with liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for quantification of biomolecules: A review

“…In metallomics studies a label represents a compound, which is chemically attached to a biomolecule for its quantification, e.g. elemental labels such as lanthanides coordinated to macrocycles like DOTA [29,56,57] , whereas a tag refers to a naturally present heteroelement amenable to ICP-MS detection, such as S, P, Se or other elements [9,22,23,58,59] .…”

Biological sulphur-containing compounds – Analytical challenges

“…Elemental detectors used for the determination of sulphur-containing compounds are predominantly inductively coupled argon-plasmas (ICP) either coupled directly to optical emission spectrometer (OES) or mass spectrometers (MS). Conductivity detectors, gravimetric or volumetric methods [84] are only suitable for very specific sulphur compounds like sulphate or sulphide. X-ray fluorescence or X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and EXAFS) are able to identify the oxidation state (XANES) and bond length to the near neighbours (EXAFS), but are not suitable for coupling with separation methods and require access to specific accelerator beamlines at synchrotron centres.…”

High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for direct analysis of solid samples and complex materials: a tutorial review

“…Still, different studies have demonstrated that it is feasible to directly determine non-metals in solid samples using HR CS GFMAS and calibrate with aqueous standard solutions. 55,57,[77][78][79][80][81] There are different reviews available in the literature on the monitoring of non-metals using HR CS GFMAS where more information can be found, 21,25,26 the last one being also quite tutorial in nature. However, it can also be mentioned that one of the advantages of using MAS is that the use of milder temperature programs is feasible, since only vaporization is required, which represents a gain in terms of the lifetime of graphite pieces.…”

“…18,30,83,84 On the other hand, more recent articles have attempted to develop more complex applications, even taking advantage of the potential of the technique to determine non-metals by monitoring molecular spectra. Several articles have demonstrated that it is feasible to determine these nonmetals directly using this approach, aer the rst article published in 2009, 57 which compared the use of atomic or molecular spectra to determine P. Most of these studies have investigated S determination, [77][78][79][80]85 but, recently, also satisfactory results for Br 55,81 and F 86 have been reported. This area is expected to continue growing, because there is still fundamental research to be carried out on this topic, as the mechanisms of formation of molecules are not clear yet (e.g.…”

“…Sometimes, even the order of addition of the modiers/reagents is important to guarantee an efficient interaction. 86 Thus, overall, method development in these cases entails more effort, sometimes requiring the use of new strategies (e.g., use of nanoparticles as a modier, 78 or evaluation of the chemical form of the target element that is more suitable to prepare the aqueous standard solutions for calibration 77,79 ). Nevertheless, the determination of these analytes is very challenging for most techniques, such that the development of fast, straightforward and sensitive methods is very relevant.…”