High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for direct analysis of solid samples and complex materials: a tutorial review

Abstract

This work tries to provide guidance for the development of new methods aiming at the direct analysis of solid samples or complex liquid materials using HR CS GFAAS.

Determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium in used automobile catalysts and active pharmaceutical ingredients using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis

“…Still, the experiments carried out with the solid samples demonstrated that it is difficult to properly atomize the target elements from this refractory matrix [28,40,41]. The signal obtained showed a very long tail that did not return to the baseline, even when a long atomization time (20 s) and a high atomization temperature are selected (2600°C).…”

“…Optimization of the working conditions for the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients This sample represents the opposite situation for SS GFAAS analysis in comparison with the car catalysts. Most of the matrix consists of organic compounds that can be eliminated with ease during the pyrolysis step, leaving the analytes ready for a selective atomization [28,40]. This was the case in the few previous applications focused on the analysis of other pharmaceutical products by means of traditional line source SS GFAAS [44,49].…”

“…The signal obtained showed a very long tail that did not return to the baseline, even when a long atomization time (20 s) and a high atomization temperature are selected (2600°C). Typically, the use of a chemical modifier is required to alleviate this situation [28,42,43].…”

“…Moreover, the introduction of high-resolution continuum source (HR CS) GFAAS instrumentation has represented an important step forward for this technique, significantly improving its potential to overcome spectral interferences, to adjust the sensitivity to the sample content, and even permitting to determine several analytes simultaneously, in some circumstances [23][24][25][26][27][28]. Despite these possibilities, HR CS GFAAS has not been used for the direct determination of PGMs, with only one exception (determination of Pd in airborne particulates [29]).…”

Desenvolvimento de procedimentos analíticos para a determinação de não-metais via moléculas diatômicas por espectrometria de absorção molecular de alta resolução com fonte contínua

“…Para a análise de sólidos, espera-se que as condições aplicadas a líquidos não sejam compatíveis aos sólidos. Geralmente, são necessários pré-tratamentos, seleção de massa de amostra, avaliação dos parâmetros instrumentais para análise de sólidos, otimização da vaporização (o analito não está disponível como em amostras líquidas), e finalmente o padrão a ser aplicado [48]. Em conjunto a estes problemas, soma-se a possibilidade de aplicação de ID neste sistema, a qual não possui registros de ter sido aplicada para GFMAS.…”