Determination of the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine and Dityrosine in the Gills, Skin, Dorsal Fin, and Liver Tissue of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a condition caused by an imbalance in the occurrence of reactive oxygen species in the cells and tissues of organisms. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–ESI–MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of two oxidative stress biomarkers, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHDG) and dityrosine (DIY), in the gills, skin, dorsal fin, and liver tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. The use of target analyte-specific 13C and 15N internal standards allowed quantification of each target analyte to be performed through the standard solvent calibration curve. The relative recoveries [mean ± (relative standard deviation%)] of 8OHDG and DIY were 101 ± 11 and 104 ± 13% at a fortified concentration of 10 ng/mL (8OHDG) and 500 ng/mL (DIY), respectively, ensuring the accuracy of the extraction and quantification. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a gradient elution program with a total run time of 5 min. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.11 and 1.37 ng/g wet weight (w.w.) for 8OHDG and DIY, respectively. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed method, it was applied in 907 tissue samples that were collected from Atlantic salmon parr individuals reared in an experimental land-based recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) treated with peracetic acid. Moreover, the possibility of using the dorsal fin as an alternative matrix for the minimally invasive assessment of oxidative stress in Atlantic salmon parr was introduced. To our knowledge, 8OHDG and DIY were used for the first time as biomarkers for biomonitoring the fish health (oxidative stress) of Atlantic salmon parr in RAS.

Behavioral Thermoregulation in Captive Fish: Molecular, Physiological, and Welfare Implications

“…Interestingly, since free radicals and 8-OHdG levels are stressor indicators (Zhang et al, 2022), and both rates remained significantly higher in fish reared at constant temperature, confinement conditions would induce extensive cell damage. The non-thermoregulatory fish group showed the most significant DNA damage but within the normal range reported (Meier et al, 2020), which suggests that the increase in oxidative stress promotes controlled DNA damage as a mechanism to maintain the cellular metabolism (Martins et al, 2021).…”

Assessment of contaminants, health and survival of migratory shorebirds in natural versus artificial wetlands – the potential of wastewater treatment plants as alternative habitats

“…To measure the OS of each bird, we chose 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) which is the product of oxidation of DNA, and o,o⍰-dityrosine (DIY) which indicates peroxidation of proteins (Martinez & Kannan, 2018). The RBC samples were extracted and analysed at NTNU based on the procedure reported by Zhang et al (2022). All samples were spiked with 8-OHDG- 15 N 5 and DIY- 13 C 12 .…”

“…The RBC samples were extracted and analysed at NTNU based on the procedure reported by Zhang et al (2022). All samples were spiked with 8-OHDG-15 N 5 and DIY-13 C 12 .…”

Assessment of contaminants, health and survival of migratory shorebirds in natural versus artificial wetlands – The potential of wastewater treatment plants as alternative habitats

“…To measure the OS of each bird, we chose 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) which is the product of oxidation of DNA, and o,oʹ-dityrosine (DIY) which indicates peroxidation of proteins (Martinez & Kannan, 2018). The RBC samples were extracted and analysed at NTNU based on the procedure reported by Zhang et al (2022). All samples were spiked with 8-OHDG-15 N5 and DIY-13 C12.…”