Determination of Total Cation-Forming Mineral Elements in Feces And Urine and Its Relation to Renal "Net Acid" Excretion.

Camien, Merrill N.; Smith, Leo M.; Reilly, Thomas J.; Simmons, Daniel H.

doi:10.3181/00379727-123-31577

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…As pertinent variables of the acid-base status o f body fluids traditional acid-base physiology recognizes concentrations of carbonic and non-carbonic acid -paradoxically using derivates of the former ('C 02 capacity', 'alkali re serve', 'C 0 2 combining power', 'standard bicarbonate') as semiquantitative measures of the latter ( In the literature, the varying ionic strength of diet, stool, and urine is generally thought to compromise evaluation o f titratable values by calculation based upon fixed pK values (28), and direct titration is the preferred method in several recent studies (7,31). However, titratable values must be expressed in terms of relevant physical properties of the biologic medium examined, i.e., normal temperature, ionic strength and pH of the body fluids (22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance of Net Base in the Rat. II. Reference Values in Relation to Growth Rate

Wamberg¹,

Kildeberg²,

Engel³

1976

Neonatology

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An investigation of mineral and net base balances in weanling, adolescent, food-restricted, and adult Wistar rats is presented. Supplementary studies included whole carcass analysis and measurements on isolated organs and skeleton preparations. The results show that the growing rat is in a state of positive net base balance due to dietary net base being deposited, along with calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, in the skeleton. Rates of gastrointestinal absorption of net base, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus appeared closely interdependent and rates of retention were subject to extrarenal control. The sum of balances of magnesium and calcium was tightly correlated to the rate of weight gain. The results prove studies of the balance of net base in the young growing rat to be technically feasible and constitute a system of reference values for animals on a standard food preparation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance of Net Base in the Rat. II. Reference Values in Relation to Growth Rate

Wamberg¹,

Kildeberg²,

Engel³

1976

Neonatology

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“…Other reasons for excluding studies were: No numerical results presented and no response to a written request [177,178]; more than one simultaneous intervention [179-190], a simultaneous co-intervention of change of "acid" as well as other potentially bone influencing nutrients including calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and/or phosphate [130,191-194], hypothesis generating studies that lack a no-intervention control group [195-197], time periods were shorter than 24 hours [198-210], did not include outcomes required in the inclusion criteria [211]; all of the subjects had a chronic medical condition [124,212-220], were on medications [221], or were in a state of weight loss [222-225], only included children [106-108,137,138,141-143,145,149,155,166,202], or only included animals [226-228]. Two studies [229,230] were subsets of included studies [56,75].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill's epidemiologic criteria for causality

Fenton

Tough

Lyon

et al. 2011

Nutr J

103

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BackgroundModern diets have been suggested to increase systemic acid load and net acid excretion. In response, alkaline diets and products are marketed to avoid or counteract this acid, help the body regulate its pH to prevent and cure disease. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate causal relationships between dietary acid load and osteoporosis using Hill's criteria.MethodsSystematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched published literature for randomized intervention trials, prospective cohort studies, and meta-analyses of the acid-ash or acid-base diet hypothesis with bone-related outcomes, in which the diet acid load was altered, or an alkaline diet or alkaline salts were provided, to healthy human adults. Cellular mechanism studies were also systematically examined.ResultsFifty-five of 238 studies met the inclusion criteria: 22 randomized interventions, 2 meta-analyses, and 11 prospective observational studies of bone health outcomes including: urine calcium excretion, calcium balance or retention, changes of bone mineral density, or fractures, among healthy adults in which acid and/or alkaline intakes were manipulated or observed through foods or supplements; and 19 in vitro cell studies which examined the hypothesized mechanism. Urine calcium excretion rates were consistent with osteoporosis development; however calcium balance studies did not demonstrate loss of whole body calcium with higher net acid excretion. Several weaknesses regarding the acid-ash hypothesis were uncovered: No intervention studies provided direct evidence of osteoporosis progression (fragility fractures, or bone strength as measured using biopsy). The supporting prospective cohort studies were not controlled regarding important osteoporosis risk factors including: weight loss during follow-up, family history of osteoporosis, baseline bone mineral density, and estrogen status. No study revealed a biologic mechanism functioning at physiological pH. Finally, randomized studies did not provide evidence for an adverse role of phosphate, milk, and grain foods in osteoporosis.ConclusionsA causal association between dietary acid load and osteoporotic bone disease is not supported by evidence and there is no evidence that an alkaline diet is protective of bone health.

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“…These absorption and excretion data were measured in subjects with normal and reduced renal function, in balance studies applied to diets and faeces, in both steady-state and non-steady-state metabolic conditions [3]. The indirect approach to intestinal base absorption is now widely accepted in the literature [3,17,18,26,28,29], and has proved satisfactory in peritoneal dialysis studies performed by us and others [5,6]. The average NB content of our patients' home diet was approx.…”

Section: Intestinal Base Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…the sum of bicarbonate (HCO $ − ) plus metabolizable anions (A − m ) at pH 7.40 [17][18][19][20], according to the following equations :…”

Section: Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid production and base balance in patients on chronic haemodialysis

MIONI¹,

GROPUZZO²,

MESSA³

et al. 2001

Clinical Science

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Acid generation and elimination processes were compared with total base (bicarbonate plus metabolizable anions) turnover in 18 anuric patients undergoing post-dilutional haemofiltration. The study was conducted during the second haemodialysis session of the week by means of a whole-body base balance technique. The results showed that the mean rates of base loss and base gain during dialysis did not differ (i.e. the dialysis base balance approximated to zero). The concurrent mean rate of intestinal base absorption was 66+/-26 mmol/2 days, as calculated from the whole-body balance of the various inorganic cation and anion differences in a metabolic steady state. This level of intestinal base absorption would be capable of neutralizing the 59+/-21 mmol of H(+) ions/2 days that is contributed by sulphuric acid, which is the most important endogenous acid produced in anuric patients. In spite of the fact that intestinal base supply was adequate to neutralize endogenous acid production completely, our patients presented with pre-dialysis non-carbonic acidosis. The depression of plasma bicarbonate levels could not, however, be explained by increased concentrations of the anion gap and organic acids, which were within normal limits both before and after dialysis. We suggest as an alternative hypothesis that this pre-dialysis acidosis may represent an isotonic dilution acidosis that is induced by the ingestion of base-free tap water in order for plasma tonicity to be protected from the accumulation of impermeant dietary solutes, which takes place during the interdialysis period in anuric patients.

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Determination of Total Cation-Forming Mineral Elements in Feces And Urine and Its Relation to Renal "Net Acid" Excretion.

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Balance of Net Base in the Rat. II. Reference Values in Relation to Growth Rate

Balance of Net Base in the Rat. II. Reference Values in Relation to Growth Rate

Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill's epidemiologic criteria for causality

Acid production and base balance in patients on chronic haemodialysis

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