Determination of total short‐chain branching in polyethylenes by computerized data processing of infrared spectra

Dankovics, A.; Füzes, L.

doi:10.1002/app.1983.070281212

Cited by 4 publications

References 26 publications

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Polyethylene, High Density

Kissin

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a product of ethylene polymerization with a density of 0.940 g/cm 3 or higher. HDPE resins include both homopolymers of ethylene and its copolymers with α‐olefins. HDPE resins include a large variety of products that differ in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and density; they are produced with several classes of catalysts: Phillips catalysts based on chromium oxides, catalysts containing chromium complexes, Ziegler catalysts based on titanium or vanadium compounds, and, in some special cases, metallocene catalysts. Two of the most important industrial processes for manufacturing HDPE are polymerization in a slurry and gas‐phase polymerization. HDPE is one of the largest volume commodity plastics produced in the world, with a worldwide capacity in 1994 of over \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${14\times 10^{6}{\hskip0.167em}{\hskip0.167em}{\rm{t}}/{\rm{yr}}}$\end{document} . Blow‐molded products represent the biggest use for HDPE resins. They also used for bottles, housewares, toys, pails, drums, tanks, and other similar products. Injection‐molding products are the second largest application; they include housewares, toys, food containers, pails, crates, and cases. HDPE is also used for film manufacture, pipes of various diameters, wire and cable coatings, and foam. Low molecular weight HDPE waxes are used for paper coatings, spray coatings, emulsions, and in printing inks. High molecular weight HDPE is a specialty plastic with a high impact strength and abrasion resistance; it is used in such industrial applications as chemical and mineral processing, electrical equipment, municipal plants, and medical implants. High strength fibers produced with this polymer are used in bullet‐proof jackets and armor.

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Polyethylene, High Density

Kissin

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Polyethylene, Linear Low Density

Kissin¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins are polyethylene (PE) plastic materials with densities in the 0.915–0.925 g/cm 3 range. They are a family of semicrystalline ethylene copolymers with α‐olefins produced in catalytic polymerization reactions. A variety of resins described by the general term LLDPE differ one from another in several respects: the type of α‐olefin used for copolymerization with ethylene (mostly 1‐butene, 1‐hexene, 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene, and 1‐octene), the content of the α‐olefin in the copolymer (it varies from 1 to \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${{\rm{\sim }}10{\hskip0.167em}{\hskip0.167em}{\rm{mol}}{\%}}$\end{document} for different resins), resin density and crystallinity, and compositional uniformity of the copolymers. LLDPE resins are produced in industry with several classes of catalysts: Ziegler catalysts based on titanium or vanadium compounds, Kaminsky and Dow catalysts utilizing metallocene complexes, and Phillips catalysts based on chromium oxides. These resins are manufactured either in gas‐phase, solution, or slurry polymerization processes. LLDPE is a significant commodity product with a worldwide manufacture volume in 1994 of around \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${13\times 10^{6}{\hskip0.167em}{\hskip0.167em}{\rm{tons}}}$\end{document} . Film is the largest application market for LLDPE resins; it is used to manufacture grocery sacks, trash bags, bags for merchandise packaging, garment, laundry, dry‐cleaning, and ice. LLDPE film is also used for nonpackaging applications such as industrial sheeting and agricultural mulch film. High clarity film produced with LLDPE resins manufactured with metallocene catalysts is used for food packaging and medical applications. Injection molding products, mostly for housewares, represent the second largest market for LLDPE. LLDPE resins are also used for blow molding (bottles, drums), for rotational molding (toys, large containers, tanks), for pipe and tubing, and for wire coating in electrical and telephone industry.

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Structural and rheological investigation of low density polyethylenes

Ondáš

Špirk

1993

Angew. Makromol. Chem.

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Some low density polyethylenes (LDPE) with different melt flow index (MFI) or produced by different producers have been examined in detail by solvent gradient fractionation, I3C NMR analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and melt rheological measurements. It was found that the distribution curves of the samples resemble Wesslau's logarithmic-normal model. From branching analyses it can be concluded that the branching content in the analyzed LDPEs is independent from the molecular weight. Relations between viscosity curve parameters and molecular structure have been investigated. It has been found that the dependence of the first normal stress difference on the shear stress is influenced by polydispersity as well as by the character of samples branching. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Einige Polyethylene niedriger Dichte mit unterschiedlichem Schmelzindex (MFI) oder von verschiedenen Herstellern wurden nach Liisungsfraktionierung mittels 13C-NMR-und FTIR-Spektroskopie sowie schmelzerheologischen Messungen untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dal3 die Verteilungskurven der Proben Wesslaus logarithmischer Verteilung entsprechen. Aus der Bestimmung der Verzweigungen kann geschlossen werden, dal3 deren Konzentration vom Molekulargewicht unabhangig ist. Eine Analyse der Beziehungen zwischen Viskositat und molekularer Struktur ergab, dal3 sowohl die Polydispersitat als auch der Charakter der Verzweigungen die erste Normalspannungsdifferenz beeinflussen.

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Determination of total short‐chain branching in polyethylenes by computerized data processing of infrared spectra

Cited by 4 publications

References 26 publications

Polyethylene, High Density

Polyethylene, High Density

Polyethylene, Linear Low Density

Structural and rheological investigation of low density polyethylenes

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