Determination of zolpidem, a new sleep-inducing agent, and its metabolites in biological fluids: pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism and overdosing investigations in humans

Distribution of zolpidem in body fluids and organ tissues in five autopsy cases

“…Tatsunori Takayasu · Yuko Ishida · Akihiko Kimura Mariko Kawaguchi · Toshikazu Kondo is a short-acting agent similar to triazolam and zopiclone [3][4][5], and is oxidatively metabolized to its hydroxyl and carboxylic derivatives by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver [1,[6][7][8].…”

A rapid and accurate UPLC/MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of zolpidem and its main metabolites in biological fluids and its application in a forensic context

“…Many methods and techniques have been developed for the analysis of zolpidem in biological fluids, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [13], highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [14,15], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [16] and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [3,4,17,18]. However, no method especially LC-MS/MS method has been published for the simultaneous determination of zolpidem and its main metabolites to prolong the detection window of zolpidem in blood and urine.…”

Quantification of zolpidem in human plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

“…Several analytical methods have been reported for the quantification of zolpidem in human body fluids and organ samples including capillary electrophoresis (Hempel and Blaschke, 1996), radioimmunoassay (Clerck and Daenens, 1997), GC (Gaillard et al, 1993;Stanke et al, 1996a), GC/MS (Keller et al, 1999;Lichtenwalner and Tully, 1997) and mostly HPLC (Ascalone et al, 1992;Debailleul et al, 1991;Durol and Greenblatt, 1997;Guinebault et al, 1986;Ptacek et al, 1997;Ring and Bostick, 2000;Stanke et al, 1996b;Tracqui et al, 1993;Wang et al, 1999). Of the HPLC methods, the sensitivity of zolpidem is higher with fluorimetric detection than with UV detection.…”