Determined exoelectron emission effect in doped TGS

Rosenman, G.; Tsedrik, M. S.; Rez, I. S.; Vasilevsky, S. A.; Chepelev, Yu. L.

doi:10.1080/00150199008008907

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Measurements of FEE and the dependence of ␥/ implemented for highly doped TGS with immobile domain structure, demonstrated that the FEE current behavior is similar to the temperature dependence of the parameter ␥/. 57 Recently, comparative studies of several ferroelectric crystals and ferroelectric PLZT ceramics were implemented by Shur and Rosenman. 58 PLZT ceramic samples and undoped monodomain LiNbO 3 , TGS, Gd 2 ͑MoO 4 ͒ 3 , and Pb 5 Ge 3 O 11 crystals were studied in the experiments.…”

Section: Fee During Phase Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Studies of the FEE effect in doped TGS crystals at low temperature showed that persistent electron emission is observed in the ferroelectric phase. 57 Estimations, fulfilled in the work by Rosenman et al, 57 showed that near the Curie temperature the relaxation time is very high because of a sharp growth of the dielectric permittivity . The results allowed one to simplify Eq.…”

Section: Fee During Phase Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upper temperature of FEE was Tϭ420 K, and it was ascribed to the activation of Fe ϩ2 -donor centers and correspondingly increasing the bulk conductivity. 35 FEE was studied in detail by Rosenman, Rez, and co-workers 36,37 by the use of the isomorphic ferroelectric crystal LiTaO 3 ͓Fig. 3͑a͔͒.…”

Section: Fee Induced By the Pyroelectric Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature dependence of the FEE current measured in the dark was similar to that obtained for other low conductive ferroelectrics. 1,37 Illumination of the ferroelectric crystals by a He-Cd laser (ϭ0.44 m) gave rise to a total extinction of FEE ͑Fig. 4͒.…”

Section: ͑8͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron emission from ferroelectrics

Rosenman

Shur

Krasik

et al. 2000

Journal of Applied Physics

312

199

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Electron emission from ferroelectrics ͑FEE͒ is an unconventional electron emission effect. Methods of FEE excitation are quite different compared to classic electron emission from solids. Two kinds of FEE have been observed, ''weak'' and ''strong.'' ''Weak'' electron emission ͑current density 10 Ϫ12-10 Ϫ7 A/cm 2 ͒ occurs from polar surfaces of ferroelectric materials in the ferroelectric phase only. A source of the electric field for ''weak'' FEE excitation is an uncompensated charge, generated by a deviation of macroscopic spontaneous polarization from its equilibrium state under a pyroelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, or polarization switching. The FEE is a tunneling emission current which screens uncompensated polarization charges. It is shown that the FEE is an effective tool for direct domain imaging and studies of electronic properties of ferroelectrics. ''Strong'' FEE, which is 10-12 orders of magnitude higher than ''weak'' FEE, achieves 100 A/cm 2 and is plasma-assisted electron emission. Two modes of the surface flashover plasma formation followed by strong electron emission have been studied. The plasma of ferroelectric origin has been observed only in the ferroelectric phase and it is induced by polarization switching or a field-enforced phase transition, such as antiferroelectric-ferroelectric or relaxor-ferroelectric. The second mode of plasma is conventional surface flashover which may be initiated by a high voltage application in any phase from any dielectric, including ferroelectrics. In this review paper we consider numerous experimental results, as well as mechanisms of both types of electron emission from ferroelectrics. The main stress is placed on the material aspect in order to clarify the influence of ferroelectricity ͑ferroelectric phase transitions, polarization switching, etc.͒ on electron emission. Another aspect which is broadly discussed is the potential applications of these unconventional FEE emitters in various devices for development of high density FEE cathodes for microwave devices, as well as FEE converters of IR irradiation into visible light, x-ray imaging, FEE flat panel displays, etc.

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Section: Fee During Phase Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Fee During Phase Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fee Induced By the Pyroelectric Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ͑8͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electron emission from ferroelectrics

Rosenman

Shur

Krasik

et al. 2000

Journal of Applied Physics

312

199

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“…There is a voluminous literature on electron emission and production phenomena [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and plasma [22][23][24][25] formation at the surface of pyroelectric and ferroelectrics crystals. Reference 4, a recent comprehensive review article, is representative but does not suggest that pyroelectric crystals can produce focused, stable energetic electron beams capable of ionizing K electrons in high-Z materials and producing K x-rays.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray fluoresced high-Z (up to Z=82) K x rays produced by LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 pyroelectric crystal electron accelerators

Brownridge

Shafroth

2004

Applied Physics Letters

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High-energy bremsstrahlung and K X-rays were used to produce nearly background-free K X-ray spectra of up to 87 keV (Pb) via X-ray fluorescence. The fluorescing radiation was produced by electron accelerators, consisting of heated and cooled cylindrical LiTaO 3 and LiNbO 3 crystals at mTorr pressures. The newly discovered process of gas amplification whereby the ambient gas pressure is optimized to maximize the electron energy was used to produce energetic electrons which when incident on a W/Bi target gave rise to a radiation field consisting of high-energy bremsstrahlung as well as W and Bi K X-rays. These photons were used to fluoresce Ta and Pb K X-rays.Although pyroelectric crystals have been known and studied extensively since ancient Greek times 1 , interesting properties and innovative applications are still being discovered.

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Electron Emission of (Pb, La) (Zr, Ti) O3 Ceramics Excited by AC (50 Hz) Electric Field

Biedrzycki

Aboura

Chartier

et al. 1992

Phys. Stat. Sol. (a)

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AC field‐excited electron emission from 5.1/65/35 and 10.4/64/36 PLZT ceramic samples is investigated. The electrons are emitted only during every second half‐period of the applied ac electric field. In the diffuse phase transition regions, the intensity of the electron emission for 5.1/65/35 ceramic samples increases with temperature and decreases for 10.4/63/36 ones. The time distributions of electrons emitted during the emissively active field half‐period are also different. The mechanism of this electron emission, based on electron tunnelling from a surface space‐charge layer into vacuum is discussed.

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Determined exoelectron emission effect in doped TGS

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Electron emission from ferroelectrics

Electron emission from ferroelectrics

X-ray fluoresced high-Z (up to Z=82) K x rays produced by LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 pyroelectric crystal electron accelerators

Electron Emission of (Pb, La) (Zr, Ti) O3 Ceramics Excited by AC (50 Hz) Electric Field

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