Determining Ecoregions for Environmental and GMO Monitoring Networks

Graef, Frieder; Schmidt, Günther; Schröder, Winfried; Stachow, Ulrich

doi:10.1007/s10661-005-3966-5

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Para Graef et al (2004), a unidade territorial propícia para efetuar o monitoramento nestas situações é a ecorregião, em função da existência de uma certa homogeneidade florística e faunística em sua composição. Tais autores salientam as dificuldades de identificação dos riscos e benefícios potenciais da liberação ambiental de cultivares transgênicos devido à complexidade dos ecossistemas, sendo que os impactos ambientais variam espacial e temporalmente de acordo com as características agroambientais, do cultivar e da sua modificação genética, além das práticas agrícolas adotadas.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

O uso da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica nas decisões sobre cultivares transgênicos no Brasil

Pizella¹,

Souza²

2015

Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente

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Artigo recebido em 20 de março de 2014, versão final aceita em 19 de fevereiro de 2015. RESUMO:A liberação ambiental de cultivares transgênicos é polêmica, devido às incertezas quanto aos potenciais impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos que pode suscitar. De modo a regular as deliberações sobre o uso de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs), mecanismos regulatórios que se propõem a prever tais impactos foram criados em diversas nações, sendo a análise de risco (AR) o instrumento de estudo ambiental normalmente empregado nos processos decisórios. No entanto, há contestações sobre seu uso como única ferramenta de análise ambiental destes OGMs, já que não possibilita a avaliação dos impactos cumulativos, indiretos, de longo prazo e dos interesses das nações delineados em suas políticas, planos e programas (PPPs). Um instrumento proposto por alguns autores passível de abarcar tais considerações é a Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE), que busca inserir a variável ambiental durante as fases de planejamento que resultam na elaboração de PPPs. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as contribuições da utilização da AAE para subsidiar os processos decisórios que envolvem a liberação ambiental de cultivares transgênicos no Brasil. Tendo em vista que esta atividade é estratégica para a agricultura brasileira, buscou-se analisá-la segundo os parâmetros que condicionam as boas práticas de AAE. Observou-se, deste modo, que a AAE poderá contribuir para a tomada de decisões no tocante à liberação comercial destas cultivares, em função de seus princípios de transparência, envolvimento social, planejamento ambiental, abrangência de amplos recortes territoriais, avaliação de impactos cumulativos e de longo prazo e monitoramento ambiental contínuo. Deste modo, recomendou-se a utilização da AAE no planejamento ambiental envolvendo liberações de cultivares transgênicos no Brasil.Palavras-chave: OGM; biossegurança; planejamento ambiental. ABSTRACT:The environmental use of transgenic crops is controversial, due to the uncertainties regarding the potential environmental, social and economic impacts that may arise. In order to regulate the decisions on the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), regulatory mechanisms that aim to predict such impacts were im-

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Section: Resultsunclassified

O uso da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica nas decisões sobre cultivares transgênicos no Brasil

Pizella¹,

Souza²

2015

Desenvolv. Meio Ambiente

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“…This can help to guide the selection of boundaries for the environmental sampling. A classification of ecoregions for environmental and GMO monitoring networks has been proposed by Graef et al (2005). These authors suggest that a variety of ecological data should be combined with socio-economic data (such as land use), to help integrate spatial and temporal complexity and heterogeneity of ecosystems being surveyed and thus provide more reliable, accurate and reproducible data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather than random sampling, in such an approach, sampling is a stratified procedure integrating different layers of information. The authors also highlight that GMO monitoring networks must be integrated with agricultural data and might also require adaptation and improvement with regards to its implementation over long periods of time and large areas, such as in many agriculture-based regions or countries (Graef et al 2005). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges for transgene detection in landraces and wild relatives: learning from 15 years of debate over GM maize in Mexico

Agapito-Tenfen

Wickson

2017

Biodivers Conserv

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Maize is one of the world's five staple cereals and its traditional varieties constitute a global resource critical to future agricultural development. Fifteen years ago, claims that transgenes had spread into traditional landrace maize in Mexico started an international discussion on the scale and significance of transgene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to centres of crop origin and genetic diversity. The initial discovery of transgenes in landrace maize sparked an intense environmental dispute in which the culture and traditions of indigenous people were seen as threatened by the unchecked spread of biotechnological inventions from multinational corporations. This dispute was reflected in a political and legal battle over the regulatory status of GM crops in Mexico, which continues today as approvals of GM maize for cultivation remain subject to contestation in the courts. These legal, political and environmental disputes have been fanned by the existence of a significant scientific controversy over the methods for GM detection. The use of various approaches and a lack of harmonized methods specific for monitoring and detection of transgenes in landraces has generated both positive and negative results for GM contamination in Mexico over the years. In this paper, we review the peerreviewed literature on transgene detection in Mexican maize and highlight the challenges associated with transgene detection in landraces. In doing so, we identify the key methodological aspects under dispute and pinpoint the research bottlenecks and needs for building the capacity to effectively monitor transgene escape from GM crops to wild relatives or landraces.

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“…Additionally, GMP EM should take place in areas exposed to GMP, preferably cultivated fields and their environment, but should include also regions with no or unknown GMP exposure as reference areas. On a case-by-case basis depending on the GMP characteristics, the selected indicators, checkpoints and related analytical methods should consider relevant different spatial and temporal scales (Graef et al 2005;VDI 2006). The number of monitoring sites and regions needs to be sufficient to support statistical analysis of results based on good scientific practice (Büh-ler 2006;Stein and Ettema 2003).…”

Section: Selection Of Representative Gmp Monitoring Sites By Help Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For Europe and Germany, ecological land classifications were calculated by means of multivariate statistics and based on digital maps depicting the spatial patterns of ecologically relevant land characteristics. For both, Germany and some federal states, ecoregions were calculated by applying CART and using surface maps on climate, altitude, soil, and potential natural vegetation (Graef et al 2005;Schröder et al 2006aSchröder et al , 2006b). The according maps have a spatial resolution of 2 × 2 km² and 1 × 1 km², respectively.…”

Section: Selection Of Representative Gmp Monitoring Sites By Help Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Supporting monitoring effects of genetically modified organisms by GIS-technologies and geodata – an overview

Schroeder¹,

Schmidt²

2013

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Citation: Schröder W, Schmidt G (2013) Supporting monitoring effects of genetically modified organisms by GIStechnologies and geodata -an overview. BioRisk 8: 111-120. doi: 10.3897/biorisk.8.4038 AbstractThe approval of genetically modified organisms for deliberate release and placing on the market requires environmental risk assessment and environmental monitoring. Methodological approaches and implementation of both tasks are still controversially discussed. This article analyses principles of environmental monitoring of genetically modified organisms as published in the Guideline 4330 Part 1 of the Association of German Engineers. Thereby, the article concentrates on the characterisation of the receiving environment affected by cultivation of genetically modified organisms and the representativeness of monitoring systems to assess large-scale implications of the cultivation of genetically modified organisms. Based on this, the article introduces statistical and geoinformatic measures as well as relevant geodata to deal with these issues.

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Determining Ecoregions for Environmental and GMO Monitoring Networks

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

O uso da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica nas decisões sobre cultivares transgênicos no Brasil

O uso da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica nas decisões sobre cultivares transgênicos no Brasil

Challenges for transgene detection in landraces and wild relatives: learning from 15 years of debate over GM maize in Mexico

Supporting monitoring effects of genetically modified organisms by GIS-technologies and geodata – an overview

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