Determining physiological cross-sectional area of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis as a whole and by regions using 3D computer muscle models created from digitized fiber bundle data

Three-dimensional surface models of detailed lumbosacral structures reconstructed from the Visible Korean

“…The surface models can be selected for display with their transparency adjusted. The models can be rotated at arbitrary angles, and sectioned to show their sectional planes (Ravichandiran et al, 2009). By using the remarkable functions of Maya, we were able to adapt the surface models to the topographic examination of lumbosacral structures (Figs.…”

Robust estimation of physiological cross-sectional area and geometric reconstruction for human skeletal muscle

“…1(b)) is preferable over the piecewise linear approximation. Ravichandiran et al (2009Ravichandiran et al ( , 2010 used the cubic Bé zier spline to model fascicles as smooth curves. However, their curves are not guaranteed to pass through all the original points, resulting in geometric deviation from the original data.…”

“…In parallel muscle, PCSA is usually well determined in the anatomical plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the muscle. For other muscles having more complex architecture, such as pennate and convergent muscles, an appropriate plane in which to determine PCSA may not be so easily defined (Ravichandiran et al, 2009). Therefore, for robust estimation of PCSA, the underlying muscle architectural variations must be carefully taken into account.…”

“…In contrast to these invasive approaches, Levin et al (2011) proposed a non-invasive method to reliably reconstruct muscle fiber architecture from dense but noisy diffusion tensor images. Based on the digitized fascicle data, Ravichandiran et al (2009Ravichandiran et al ( , 2010 proposed the Fiber Bundle Element (FBE) method to calculate volume and PCSA by representing muscle geometry by a collection of cylinders. Each fascicle is approximated piecewise by a cylinder, the diameter of which is estimated by the distance to the nearest neighboring fascicle.…”

Los Músculos Extensores Radiales del Carpo y su Importancia Clínica: Una Revisión de la Literatura

“…Lieber et al (1990), señalaron que la fuerza de contracción de un músculo es proporcional a su área de sección transversal fisiológica (PCSA). La gran PCSA del músculo ERCC (6,94±1.84 cm 2 ) y la corta longitud de sus fibras favorecen la producción de fuerza, mientras que la PCSA más pequeña del músculo ERLC (3,75±1.26 cm 2 ) y las fibras más largas, favorecen la excursión, lo que permite un mayor rango de movimiento (Ravichandiran et al, 2009). Los brazos de momento del tendón del músculo ERLC en la articulación radiocarpiana son alrededor de 1,3 cm de extensión y 1,5 cm de desviación radial, mientras que los brazos de momento en el codo van desde 1 a 5 cm para las diferentes fibras.…”