Determining the conditions for the combined precipitation of zirconium and yttrium hydroxides

Abstract

Zirconium dioxide stabilized with yttrium oxide is used to obtain refractory ceramics for various purposes [i]. It is obtained by mixing the components, followed by calcination, ensuring the formation of a solid solution of Y203 in Zr02. To obtain highly homogeneous material we blend solutions of the salts, followed by combined precipitation of the components, normally in the form of hydroxides [2].The high cost of yttrium compounds makes it necessary to carry out combined precipitation with zirconia in a schedule ensuring the minimum loss of this component.We carried out a study to determine the parameters of such a schedule.The method was as follows.In a solution containing 0.5 mole/liter of ZrOCI2 and 2 mole/liter of HCI, we dissolved YCI3 in such quantity that its concentration in the solution was 0.iiii mole/liter.To the resulting solution we added, with continuous stirring, a 12% solution of NH~OH (direct precipitation); or, conversely, to this ammoniac solution we added a solution of salts (reverse precipitation) to the attainment of the prescribed pH, which was checked with the 1-120 ionomer.The suspension was filtered on a vacuum-filter to complete suction of the mother liquor.In it we determined the content of yttrium and zirconia using the methods of [3] and [4], respectively.The results are shown in Table i.To determine the optimum final pH value with the combined precipitation of the hydroxides we calculated the outlays connected with the consumptions on compensating for the loss of yttrium and the outlay on the precipitant.The computations used the actual prices for ammonia (GOST 9-77, grade A, sort I) and yttrium oxide (sort O). The price of 1 ton of ammonia is 27.5 rubles, and yttrium oxide 135,000 rubles.The results are shown in Fig. I.The expenditures on the precipitant sharply increase if the precipitation is completed when pH > 8.5. With direct precipitation, the outlays on compensating the loss of yttrium sharply increase when pH < 8.5, and for the reverse precipitation --when pH < 7.5.Consequently, the optimum pH for direct precipitation is only 8.5, and for reverse precipitation the optimum range of pH values is 7.5-8.5 (striated region).The displacement of the curve 4 relative to curve 3 in Fig. 1 is connected with the reduction in the consumption of precipitant on account of the underprecipitation of the yttrium hydroxide (see Table I).With direct precipitation at first the zirconium hydroxide comes down into the precipitate, and then the yttrium hydroxide; accordingly, the yttrium hydroxide is dissolved earlier with the reverse precipitation.Hence, with direct precipitation a homogeneous product of coprecipitation is not obtained, since the components are thrown down one after the other.On the other hand, with the reverse variant of the process the components are precipitated simultaneously, and the range of acceptable pH values of the mother solution is extended.Therefore, it is desirable to use the reverse precipitation in technology.However, we must remember that in this version when ...

Aspects of the chemical technology of ZrO2-Y2O3-Al2O3 powders and testing them in ceramics technology

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Carrageenans as a New Source of Drugs with Metal Binding Properties

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