2012
DOI: 10.1037/a0025697
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Determining the number of factors to retain in an exploratory factor analysis using comparison data of known factorial structure.

Abstract: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used routinely in the development and validation of assessment instruments. One of the most significant challenges when one is performing EFA is determining how many factors to retain. Parallel analysis (PA) is an effective stopping rule that compares the eigenvalues of randomly generated data with those for the actual data. PA takes into account sampling error, and at present it is widely considered the best available method. We introduce a variant of PA that goes even fur… Show more

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Cited by 426 publications
(402 citation statements)
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References 24 publications
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“…It is primarily used in statistics to describe variance among observed correlated variables in terms of potentially a smaller number of unobserved variables, usually referred to as factors [27]. In this work, EFA was employed to search for confounding ecological factors that are latent [8,27] from the set of observed meteorological variables.…”
Section: Factor Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is primarily used in statistics to describe variance among observed correlated variables in terms of potentially a smaller number of unobserved variables, usually referred to as factors [27]. In this work, EFA was employed to search for confounding ecological factors that are latent [8,27] from the set of observed meteorological variables.…”
Section: Factor Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As some of the sub-scale items proposed were new, or first time adaptations of recent constructs, including: affective, cognitive and material personal values; student social capital; and PSE skills, it was deemed prudent to conduct an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Ruscio and Roche 2012). In the absence of previous empirical studies, or appropriate sub-scale validation, an EFA allows researchers to examine the underlying factor structure and communality of items before finalizing hypotheses and proceeding to CFA and structural analysis (Anderson and Gerbing 1998 The final EFA converged on 6 rotations and the 5 new latent factors accounted for 51% of total explained variance.…”
Section: Exploratory Factor Analysis (Efa)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For the extraction of confounding hidden variables, we performed factor analysis using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) [17]. From the results, three hidden factors were identified namely: Factor I (related to minimum temperature and relative humidity), Factor II (related to maximum temperature and solar radiation) and Factor III (related to precipitation and wind speed), respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is primarily used in statistics to describe variance among observed correlated variables in terms of potentially smaller number of unobserved variables, usually referred to as factors [17]. In this work, EFA was employed to search for confounding ecological factors that are latent [8], [17] from the set of observed meteorological variables.…”
Section: Factor Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%