Detoxification of Gramine by the Cereal Aphid Sitobion avenae

Cai, Qingnian; Han, Ying; Cao, Yujin; Hu, Yuan; Zhao, Xin; Bi, J. L.

doi:10.1007/s10886-009-9603-y

Cited by 64 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics, terpenoids and nitrogen-containing metabolites are generally involved in plant defense against insect attacks [17], [31], [32], and adversely affect the feeding behavior and survival of insects [27], [33]. Gramine is a simple alkaloid that exists in some terrestrial gramineous crops and confers defense against aphids [14], [29], [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are also regarded as a resource for the discovery of novel biological insecticides [13]. Gramine is a simple indole alkaloid found only in some terrestrial gramineous crops ( Triticeae crops) [14], and has been reported to be a deterrent and/or toxicant to some herbivorous insects such as aphids ( Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae ) and cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) [15]–[17]. However, little is known whether gramine is synthesized by hydrophytic plants such as rice, or whether this compound has the ability to confer resistance to attacks by BPHs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glutathione S-Transferase of Brown Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) Is Essential for Their Adaptation to Gramine-Containing Host Plants

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Plants have evolved complex processes to ward off attacks by insects. In parallel, insects have evolved mechanisms to thwart these plant defenses. To gain insight into mechanisms that mediate this arms race between plants and herbivorous insects, we investigated the interactions between gramine, a toxin synthesized by plants of the family Gramineae, and glutathione S transferase (GST), an enzyme found in insects that is known to detoxify xenobiotics. Here, we demonstrate that rice (Oryza sativa), a hydrophytic plant, also produces gramine and that rice resistance to brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens, BPHs) is highly associated with in planta gramine content. We also show that gramine is a toxicant that causes BPH mortality in vivo and that knockdown of BPH GST gene nlgst1-1 results in increased sensitivity to diets containing gramine. These results suggest that the knockdown of key detoxification genes in sap-sucking insects may provide an avenue for increasing their sensitivity to natural plant-associated defense mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutathione S-Transferase of Brown Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) Is Essential for Their Adaptation to Gramine-Containing Host Plants

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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“…Insects use a variety of amines as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators 36– 39 . Plants also generate a variety of amines that may play a role in resistance to insect herbivores 40– 42 . For these reasons, we screened a panel of biogenic and trace amines for agonist and antagonist activity at insect Orco subunits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace amines inhibit insect odorant receptor function through antagonism of the co-receptor subunit

Chen

Luetje

2014

F1000Res

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Many insect behaviors are driven by olfaction, making insect olfactory receptors (ORs) appealing targets for insect control. Insect ORs are odorant-gated ion channels, with each receptor thought to be composed of a representative from a large, variable family of odorant binding subunits and a highly conserved co-receptor subunit (Orco), assembled in an unknown stoichiometry. Synthetic Orco directed agonists and antagonists have recently been identified. Several Orco antagonists have been shown to act via an allosteric mechanism to inhibit OR activation by odorants. The high degree of conservation of Orco across insect species results in Orco antagonists having broad activity at ORs from a variety of insect species and suggests that the binding site for Orco ligands may serve as a modulatory site for compounds endogenous to insects or may be a target of exogenous compounds, such as those produced by plants. To test this idea, we screened a series of biogenic and trace amines, identifying several as Orco antagonists. Of particular interest were tryptamine, a plant-produced amine, and tyramine, an amine endogenous to the insect nervous system. Tryptamine was found to be a potent antagonist of Orco, able to block Orco activation by an Orco agonist and to allosterically inhibit activation of ORs by odorants. Tyramine had effects similar to those of tryptamine, but was less potent. Importantly, both tryptamine and tyramine displayed broad activity, inhibiting odorant activation of ORs of species from three different insect orders (Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera), as well as odorant activation of six diverse ORs from a single species (the human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae). Our results suggest that endogenous and exogenous natural compounds serve as Orco ligands modulating insect olfaction and that Orco can be an important target for the development of novel insect repellants.

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“…In the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura , sublethal doses of the widely occurring plant glycoside rutin resulted in a significant increase in midgut carboxylesterase activity [13]. It was also found that COEs can be induced by indole alkaloid gramine in Sitobion avenae , and the increase of COE activity was positively correlated with dietary gramine concentrations, suggesting that COEs were involved in gramine detoxification [14]. In addition, quercetin, rutin and 2-tridaconone can also induce the activities of COEs in insects [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annotation and expression of carboxylesterases in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

et al. 2009

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BackgroundCarboxylesterase is a multifunctional superfamily and ubiquitous in all living organisms, including animals, plants, insects, and microbes. It plays important roles in xenobiotic detoxification, and pheromone degradation, neurogenesis and regulating development. Previous studies mainly used Dipteran Drosophila and mosquitoes as model organisms to investigate the roles of the insect COEs in insecticide resistance. However, genome-wide characterization of COEs in phytophagous insects and comparative analysis remain to be performed.ResultsBased on the newly assembled genome sequence, 76 putative COEs were identified in Bombyx mori. Relative to other Dipteran and Hymenopteran insects, alpha-esterases were significantly expanded in the silkworm. Genomics analysis suggested that BmCOEs showed chromosome preferable distribution and 55% of which were tandem arranged. Sixty-one BmCOEs were transcribed based on cDNA/ESTs and microarray data. Generally, most of the COEs showed tissue specific expressions and expression level between male and female did not display obvious differences. Three main patterns could be classified, i.e. midgut-, head and integument-, and silk gland-specific expressions. Midgut is the first barrier of xenobiotics peroral toxicity, in which COEs may be involved in eliminating secondary metabolites of mulberry leaves and contaminants of insecticides in diet. For head and integument-class, most of the members were homologous to odorant-degrading enzyme (ODE) and antennal esterase. RT-PCR verified that the ODE-like esterases were also highly expressed in larvae antenna and maxilla, and thus they may play important roles in degradation of plant volatiles or other xenobiotics.ConclusionB. mori has the largest number of insect COE genes characterized to date. Comparative genomic analysis suggested that the gene expansion mainly occurred in silkworm alpha-esterases. Expression evidence indicated that the expanded genes were specifically expressed in midgut, integument and head, implying that these genes may have important roles in detoxifying secondary metabolites of mulberry leaves, contaminants in diet, and odorants. Our results provide some new insights into functions and evolutionary characteristics of COEs in phytophagous insects.

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Detoxification of Gramine by the Cereal Aphid Sitobion avenae

Cited by 64 publications

References 28 publications

Glutathione S-Transferase of Brown Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) Is Essential for Their Adaptation to Gramine-Containing Host Plants

Glutathione S-Transferase of Brown Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) Is Essential for Their Adaptation to Gramine-Containing Host Plants

Trace amines inhibit insect odorant receptor function through antagonism of the co-receptor subunit

Annotation and expression of carboxylesterases in the silkworm, Bombyx mori

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