Developing a simple laboratory test for Alzheimer's disease: measuring acetylcholinesterase in saliva ‐ a pilot study

Boston, Paul F.; Gopalkaje, Kishore; Manning, Leigh; Middleton, Lance; Loxley, Martin

doi:10.1002/gps.1882

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Saliva samples were collected in sterile plastic containers previously treated with 2% sodium azide solution, a concentration which has been shown to be sufficient to prevent microbial decomposition of saliva [18]. Participants were asked to wait at least 4 hours after eating or drinking (initiated at approximately the same time for each participant (13:00 hours), before providing saliva samples of approximately 1 ml into the containers, and these were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes to remove debris, in a similar manner to that previously described [19]. Then, the samples were immediately frozen at -80°C until used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study

et al. 2010

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BackgroundSimple, non-invasive tests for early detection of degenerative dementia by use of biomarkers are urgently required. However, up to the present, no validated extracerebral diagnostic markers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) are available. The clinical diagnosis of probable AD is made with around 90% accuracy using modern clinical, neuropsychological and imaging methods. A biochemical marker that would support the clinical diagnosis and distinguish AD from other causes of dementia would therefore be of great value as a screening test. A total of 126 samples were obtained from subjects with AD, and age-sex-matched controls. Additionally, 51 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were used as an example of another neurodegenerative disorder. We analyzed saliva and plasma levels of β amyloid (Aβ) using a highly sensitive ELISA kit.ResultsWe found a small but statistically significant increase in saliva Aβ42 levels in mild AD patients. In addition, there were not differences in saliva concentration of Aβ42 between patients with PD and healthy controls. Saliva Aβ40 expression was unchanged within all the studied sample. The association between saliva Aβ42 levels and AD was independent of established risk factors, including age or Apo E, but was dependent on sex and functional capacity.ConclusionsWe suggest that saliva Aβ42 levels could be considered a potential peripheral marker of AD and help discrimination from other types of neurodegenerative disorders. We propose a new and promising biomarker for early AD.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study

et al. 2010

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“…The activity of AChE in saliva can be measured by the Ellman colorimetric method, where decreases are seen with age but also further reduced in people with AD compared to aged-matched controls [80][81][82], albeit not all studies reaching statistical significance. In addition to these findings, within the AD population, AChE is significantly decreased further in AChE-I non-responders when compared to AChE-I responders [80].…”

Section: Acetylcholinesterasementioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders

et al. 2019

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The search for accessible and cost-effective biomarkers to complement current cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and imaging biomarkers in the accurate detection of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other common neurodegenerative disorders remains a challenging task. The advances in ultra-sensitive detection methods has highlighted blood biomarkers (e.g. amyloidb and neurofilament light) as a valuable and realistic tool in a diagnostic or screening process. Saliva, however, is also a rich source of potential biomarkers for disease detection and offers several practical advantages over biofluids that are currently examined for neurodegenerative disorders. However, while this may be true for the general population, challenges in collecting saliva from an elderly population should be seriously considered. In this review, we begin by discussing how saliva is produced and how age-related conditions can modify saliva production and composition. We then focus on the Enhanced digital features To view enhanced digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.9792335.

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“…It should be noted that there was no noticeable change in the A β 42 levels of either the controls of Parkinson's patients, which would indicate that the salivary levels of A β 42 could be used to distinguish AD from other forms of dementia. Studies also suggest there is a connection between the salivary acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) and AD, since it is already established that a decrease in central cholinergic activity is a noteworthy aspect of the disease biochemistry [6]. During early stages, the cholinergic neurons primarily undergo degeneration and result in a notable decrease in acetylcholine.…”

Section: Evaluable Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Peripheral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer′s Disease

Patel

Coleman

Sabbagh

2011

International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

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Advances in the discovery of a peripheral biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's would provide a way to better detect the onset of this debilitating disease in a manner that is both noninvasive and universally available. This paper examines the current approaches that are being used to discover potential biomarker candidates available in the periphery. The search for a peripheral biomarker that could be utilized diagnostically has resulted in an extensive amount of studies that employ several biological approaches, including the assessment of tissues, genomics, proteomics, epigenetics, and metabolomics. Although a definitive biomarker has yet to be confirmed, advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of the disease and major susceptibility factors have been uncovered and reveal promising possibilities for the future discovery of a useful biomarker.

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Developing a simple laboratory test for Alzheimer's disease: measuring acetylcholinesterase in saliva ‐ a pilot study

Cited by 32 publications

References 5 publications

Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study

Saliva levels of Abeta1-42 as potential biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study

Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders

Potential Peripheral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer′s Disease

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