Developing a sustainable energy strategy for a water utility. Part II: a review of potential technologies and approaches

Zakkour, Paul; Gaterell, Mark; Griffin, Paul F.; Gochin, R.J.; Lester, J.N.

doi:10.1006/jema.2002.0567

Cited by 37 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Environmental benefits of using these networks for hydropower generation include the absence of traditional barriers, such as visual intrusion, impact on aquatic ecosystems, loss of historical sites, interruption of sediment transport and blockage of fish passage. Also, there are often economic advantages over traditional SHP schemes due to reduced earthworks and infrastructure requirements [34]- [36]. Because potable water is typically distributed by gravity from an upper central reservoir to consumers at lower elevations, high heads can be found within the water network.…”

Section: B Water and Wastewater Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Parametric Experimental Investigation of the Operating Conditions of Gravitational Vortex Hydropower (GVHP)

Power¹,

McNabola²,

Coughlan³

2015

JOCET

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Abstract-Globalenergy consumption is growing considerably, raising such issues as increased energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, reduced security of supply, and growing fuel costs. Renewable resources, such as hydropower, offer an alternative energy source to meet the growing demand. Small hydropower (SHP) has been a major focus of hydropower research in recent years, as many of the large scale hydroelectric opportunities around the world have already been exploited. In particular, low head SHP is gaining interest as traditional turbines, such as the Kaplan and Pelton turbines, are typically limited to heads greater than 3m. Gravitational vortex hydropower (GVHP) is one such low head hydropower solution. GVHP exploits the energy available in a vortex flow, enabling hydropower generation at heads as low as 0.7m. A vertical axis turbine is placed in the centre of a vortex flow and rotates with the flow, thus generating mechanical energy. This paper describes a parametric experimental investigation of the operating conditions of GVHP. Various flow rates, inlet conditions, blade sizes and blade numbers were tested and the turbine rotational speed, vortex height and applied resistance force were recorded for each setting. The power input, power output and efficiency were then calculated and compared for the various settings. It was found that the turbine efficiency increases with blade size and blade number for the blade configurations tested. Maximum power outputs were found for the largest flow rate tested and when there was a considerable resistance force applied to the turbine. Finally, of three inlet heights tested, a height of 25 cm above the tank base (35% of the overall tank height) was found to be optimum for turbine performance. These results have implications both for future research and for practice, with energy generating applications in low head rivers and in wastewater networks.Index Terms-Clean energy, experimental model, gravitational vortex hydropower (GVHP), low head, new energy device.

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Section: B Water and Wastewater Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Parametric Experimental Investigation of the Operating Conditions of Gravitational Vortex Hydropower (GVHP)

Power¹,

McNabola²,

Coughlan³

2015

JOCET

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“…The theoretical convertible power is considerable and could lead to large energy savings; for instance, according to some recent studies, it may be in the order of 4.7 MW in Germany [7] or about 17 MW in UK water industry [8]. Nevertheless, energy production in water supply systems has only been realized in few cases and mainly in the transmission pipelines, where the available hydraulic power is considerable and fairly constant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Production by Means of Pumps As Turbines in Water Distribution Networks

et al. 2017

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This paper deals with the estimation of the energy production by means of pumps used as turbines to exploit residual hydraulic energy, as in the case of available head and flow rate in water distribution networks. To this aim, four pumps with different characteristics are investigated to estimate the producible yearly electric energy. The performance curves of Pumps As Turbines (PATs), which relate head, power, and efficiency to the volume flow rate over the entire PAT operation range, were derived by using published experimental data. The four considered water distribution networks, for which experimental data taken during one year were available, are characterized by significantly different hydraulic features (average flow rate in the range 10-116 L/s; average pressure reduction in the range 12-53 m). Therefore, energy production accounts for actual flow rate and head variability over the year. The conversion efficiency is also estimated, for both the whole water distribution network and the PAT alone.

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“…The decision-making process needs to address the paradox of wastewater treatment and water quality planning, i.e. the concurrent increases in energy use, carbon emissions and sludge production with increasing effluent quality (Zakkour 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable risk management of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters

Martin

Voulvoulis

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The presence of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters, particularly endocrine-disrupting compounds such as oestrogenic substances, has been the focus of much public concern and scientific attention in recent years. Due to the scientific uncertainty still surrounding their effects, the Precautionary Principle could be invoked for the interim management of potential risks. Therefore, precautionary prevention risk-management measures could be employed to reduce human exposure to the compounds of concern. Steroid oestrogens are generally recognized as the most significant oestrogenically active substances in domestic sewage effluent. As a result, the UK Environment Agency has championed a ‘Demonstration Programme’ to investigate the potential for removal of steroid oestrogens and alkylphenol ethoxylates during sewage treatment. Ecological and human health risks are interdependent, and ecological injuries may result in increased human exposures to contaminants or other stressors. In this context of limiting exposure to potential contaminants, examining the relative contribution of various compounds and pathways should be taken into account when identifying effective risk-management measures. In addition, the explicit use of ecological objectives within the scope of the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive poses new challenges and necessitates the development of ecosystem-based decision tools. This paper addresses some of these issues and proposes a species sensitivity distribution approach to support the decision-making process related to the need and implications of sewage treatment work upgrade as risk-management measures to the presence of oestrogenic compounds in sewage effluent.

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Developing a sustainable energy strategy for a water utility. Part II: a review of potential technologies and approaches

Cited by 37 publications

References 21 publications

A Parametric Experimental Investigation of the Operating Conditions of Gravitational Vortex Hydropower (GVHP)

A Parametric Experimental Investigation of the Operating Conditions of Gravitational Vortex Hydropower (GVHP)

Energy Production by Means of Pumps As Turbines in Water Distribution Networks

Sustainable risk management of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewaters

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