“…The studies included represent countries from Western, Asian, and African populations. Of the 16 studies, five were from the USA [ 30 , 48 , 49 , 55 , 58 ], four from Canada [ 45 , 47 , 50 , 54 ], two from Switzerland [ 1 , 56 ], one from Spain [ 52 ], one from the UK [ 46 ], one from the Netherlands [ 51 ], one from Japan [ 53 ] and one from South Africa [ 57 ]. According to the synthesized evidence, a combination of at least two teaching and learning approaches was used to deliver IPE, as shown in Additional file 6 .…”