The article describes features of the development of professional abilities of future teachers. Different views of scientists on the definition of “professional abilities” are considered, the development of which, in turn, affects the effectiveness of professional pedagogical activity. The role of the educational process in higher education as a platform for the development of professional and pedagogical abilities is noted. The pedagogical conditions that contribute to the effectiveness of the development of students' professional abilities are highlighted and substantiated. The article describes the results of experimental work to identify the current level of development of professional abilities of future teachers. At the initial and control stages, monitoring and a number of diagnostic techniques were used, as well as self-diagnostics. The formative stage of the experimental research is represented by the testing of the selected pedagogical conditions. According to the results of the control section, the dynamics of the level of development of the professional abilities of future teachers in a positive direction was observed.