Developing novel one-step processes for obtaining food-grade O/W emulsions from pressurized fluid extracts: processes description, state of the art and perspectives
Abstract:In this work, a novel on-line process for production of food-grade emulsions containing oily extracts, i.e. oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, in only one step is presented. This process has been called ESFE, Emulsions from Supercritical Fluid Extraction. With this process, emulsions containing supercritical fluid extracts can be obtained directly from plant materials. The aim in the conception of this process is to propose a new rapid way to obtain emulsions from supercritical fluid extracts. Nowadays the conventi… Show more
“… Fig. 5 PLE process using organic solvent as extracting solvent coupled with supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation process (1) heat exchanger for cooling, (2) pump, (3) heat exchanger for heating, (4) extractor, (5) T-mixer, (6) precipitation vessels, and (7) filter (Santos and Meireles 2015 ) …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(2) Those compounds are then recovered from the solvent to produce the end product. The use of supercritical fluids is advantageous as at room temperature they are in a gaseous, allowing for recovery of extract via simple evaporation (Santos and Meireles 2015 ). The differing solubilities of different solvents allow for selective extraction, as small variations to pressure and/or temperature can allow for selectivity (Perrotin-Brunel 2011 ).…”
Introduction
As the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point. To date, more than thousands of chemical constituents have been identified from the cannabis plant, all of which possess different chemical properties that require different conditions for preservation during drying and extraction. However, scientific publications that explore these areas for the cannabis plant are currently lacking.
Method
This is a narrative review paper which focuses on critiquing drying and extraction methods of Cannabis sativa L. plant. Relevant keywords such as medicinal cannabis, extraction, solvent, cannabinoids, and terpenes have been searched in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases.
Result
To find relevant papers for this narrative review, 93 papers have been reviewed. Among them, 12 irrelevant papers were discarded. The excluded papers were either about hemp seed oil or hemp fiber and protein. Based on this review, solvent extraction is the most common method for cannabis plants. Although solventless and hydrodynamic extraction are known for their high yield and feasibility, more investigation is needed in these areas. Regarding the drying process, hang-drying is the most convenient method; however, it may be substituted by freeze-drying in the near future.
Discussion
This review analyses various drying and extraction processes to guide the selection of suitable methods for various types of cannabis products and applications. This is done by outlining traditional and modern methods of drying techniques, exploring the importance of solvents for extraction, visiting solventless extraction procedures, and finally comparing conventional and alternative methods of extraction.
Conclusion
In conclusion, based on the current knowledge, using organic solvents is the most convenient method for medicinal cannabis extraction. However, more research is needed for some of the drying and extraction methods. Also, developing a green and sustainable cannabis extraction method should be considered for future studies.
“… Fig. 5 PLE process using organic solvent as extracting solvent coupled with supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation process (1) heat exchanger for cooling, (2) pump, (3) heat exchanger for heating, (4) extractor, (5) T-mixer, (6) precipitation vessels, and (7) filter (Santos and Meireles 2015 ) …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(2) Those compounds are then recovered from the solvent to produce the end product. The use of supercritical fluids is advantageous as at room temperature they are in a gaseous, allowing for recovery of extract via simple evaporation (Santos and Meireles 2015 ). The differing solubilities of different solvents allow for selective extraction, as small variations to pressure and/or temperature can allow for selectivity (Perrotin-Brunel 2011 ).…”
Introduction
As the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point. To date, more than thousands of chemical constituents have been identified from the cannabis plant, all of which possess different chemical properties that require different conditions for preservation during drying and extraction. However, scientific publications that explore these areas for the cannabis plant are currently lacking.
Method
This is a narrative review paper which focuses on critiquing drying and extraction methods of Cannabis sativa L. plant. Relevant keywords such as medicinal cannabis, extraction, solvent, cannabinoids, and terpenes have been searched in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases.
Result
To find relevant papers for this narrative review, 93 papers have been reviewed. Among them, 12 irrelevant papers were discarded. The excluded papers were either about hemp seed oil or hemp fiber and protein. Based on this review, solvent extraction is the most common method for cannabis plants. Although solventless and hydrodynamic extraction are known for their high yield and feasibility, more investigation is needed in these areas. Regarding the drying process, hang-drying is the most convenient method; however, it may be substituted by freeze-drying in the near future.
Discussion
This review analyses various drying and extraction processes to guide the selection of suitable methods for various types of cannabis products and applications. This is done by outlining traditional and modern methods of drying techniques, exploring the importance of solvents for extraction, visiting solventless extraction procedures, and finally comparing conventional and alternative methods of extraction.
Conclusion
In conclusion, based on the current knowledge, using organic solvents is the most convenient method for medicinal cannabis extraction. However, more research is needed for some of the drying and extraction methods. Also, developing a green and sustainable cannabis extraction method should be considered for future studies.
“…Most of the time, co-extraction of unwanted compounds occurs during the extraction process, which might result in a poor-quality extract. Thanks to advanced technology, this problem can be solved by conducting SFE with a fractional separation process, allowing the improvement of selectivity in SFE [ 23 ]. This concept can be conducted in multiple steps during separation, by coupling some separators in series and adjusting processing conditions, such as pressure and temperature, according to the equilibrium solubilities of the targeted compounds [ 24 ].…”
Section: Characteristics Of Supercritical Fluids As a Novel Extracmentioning
In this review, recent advances in greener technology for extracting natural bioactive components from plant origin sources are discussed. Bioactive compounds of plant origin have been defined as natural chemical compounds present in small amounts in plants. Researchers have shown interest in extracting bioactive compounds because of their human health benefits and characteristics of being eco-friendly and generally recognized as safe. Various new extraction methods and conventional extraction methods have been developed, however, until now, no unique approach has been presented as a benchmark for extracting natural bioactive compounds from plants. The selectivity and productivity of traditional and modern extraction techniques generally depend on selecting the critical input parameters, knowing the nature of plant-based samples, the structure of bioactive compounds, and good scientific skills. This work aims to discuss the recent advances in supercritical fluid extraction techniques, especially supercritical carbon dioxide, along with the fundamental principles for extracting bioactive compounds from natural plant materials such as herbs, spices, aromatic and medicinal plants.
“…Carbon dioxide is an appropriate solvent for essential oil extraction from natural products because it is readily available, non‐inflammable, has high diffusivity, low viscosity, low surface tension and low reactivity. It has a critical temperature of only 31°C and critical pressure above 71 bar 19 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has a critical temperature of only 31°C and critical pressure above 71 bar. 19 There are several reasons for the growing increase in research involving the extraction of terpenes and oxygenated compounds from essential oils with supercritical fluids (see Figure 1), especially the production of products with high added value in the market, such as limonene and linalool, which widely used by the medical, agrochemical, food and cosmetic industries. [20][21][22] Raeissi et al 22 investigated the effect of ethane in comparison with CO 2 as a supercritical extraction solvent in the citrus oil separation process.…”
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