Developing Sensor Proxies for “Chemical Cocktails” of Trace Metals in Urban Streams

Morel, Carol J.; Kaushal, Sujay S.; Tan, Maggie L.; Belt, Kenneth T.

doi:10.3390/w12102864

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…We also provide an introduction to the watershed ''chemical cocktail'' concept (e.g. Kaushal et al 2018aKaushal et al , b, 2019Kaushal et al , 2020Morel et al 2020;Galella et al 2021) and allusions to the emerging toxicological and biogeochemical impacts on ecosystems from complex chemical mixtures.…”

Section: Discovery Of Widespread Freshwater Salinization In Humid Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, there are multiple complex interactions between ionic strength and pH, redox, organic matter, and other chemical parameters, which can enhance FSS mobilization of complex mixtures of multiple contaminants or chemical cocktails. Cocktail effects have been a useful concept in toxicology, but we expand our concept of chemical cocktails to include not only impacts on health and ecosystems, but also sources, fate, and transport of complex chemical mixtures in the environment (Kaushal et al 2018a(Kaushal et al , 2019(Kaushal et al , 2020Morel et al 2020;Galella et al 2021).…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many other examples of biological, geological, and chemical processes leading to couplings and pairings of elemental cycles in the environment and formation of complex chemical cocktails in freshwaters; FSS enhances and intensifies many of these geochemical and biogeochemical processes, which leads to co-mobilization of multiple contaminants and chemical cocktails in ground and surface waters (e.g. Kaushal et al 2018aKaushal et al , b, 2019Kaushal et al , 2020Morel et al 2020;Galella et al 2021).…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Piotrowski et al 2020). Given that land use change and climate variability amplify contaminant pulses in many human-impacted streams, it is difficult to accurately quantify exceedances and violations in water quality with traditional grab sampling during fixed routine monitoring of growing water quality problems (Kaushal et al 2014(Kaushal et al , 2019Haq et al 2018;Moore et al 2019;Morel et al 2020). In addition to anthropogenic inputs and human-accelerated weathering, the hydrology and volume of water available for dilution can influence the magnitude of salt pulses (refer to section Fundamental Geochemistry of Salinization -Making Chemical Cocktails below).…”

Section: Identifying Risks Of Fss Based On Presence Of Radionuclides and Hydrogeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sensor approaches are needed to interpolate and fill gaps between traditional grab sampling events to estimate concentrations across a wider range of hydrologic conditions in human-impacted watersheds and streams, particularly with flashy or pulsed hydrology (Kaushal et al 2014;Morel et al 2020). Thus, a growing research frontier will be to characterize and evaluate statistical relationships between high-frequency, continuous sensor outputs (e.g.…”

Section: Identifying Risks Of Fss Based On Presence Of Radionuclides and Hydrogeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks

et al. 2021

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Freshwater salinization is an emerging global problem impacting safe drinking water, ecosystem health and biodiversity, infrastructure corrosion, and food production. Freshwater salinization originates from diverse anthropogenic and geologic sources including road salts, human-accelerated weathering, sewage, urban construction, fertilizer, mine drainage, resource extraction, water softeners, saltwater intrusion, and evaporative concentration of ions due to hydrologic alterations and climate change. The complex interrelationships between salt ions and chemical, biological, and geologic parameters and consequences on the natural, social, and built environment are called Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS). Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of salinization issues (past, present, and future), and we investigate drivers and solutions. We analyze the expanding global magnitude and scope of FSS including its discovery in humid regions, connections to human-accelerated weathering and mobilization of ‘chemical cocktails.’ We also present data illustrating: (1) increasing trends in salt ion concentrations in some of the world’s major freshwaters, including critical drinking water supplies; (2) decreasing trends in nutrient concentrations in rivers due to regulations but increasing trends in salinization, which have been due to lack of adequate management and regulations; (3) regional trends in atmospheric deposition of salt ions and storage of salt ions in soils and groundwater, and (4) applications of specific conductance as a proxy for tracking sources and concentrations of groups of elements in freshwaters. We prioritize FSS research needs related to better understanding: (1) effects of saltwater intrusion on ecosystem processes, (2) potential health risks from groundwater contamination of home wells, (3) potential risks to clean and safe drinking water sources, (4) economic and safety impacts of infrastructure corrosion, (5) alteration of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and (6) application of high-frequency sensors in state-of-the art monitoring and management. We evaluate management solutions using a watershed approach spanning air, land, and water to explore variations in sources, fate and transport of different salt ions (e.g. monitoring of atmospheric deposition of ions, stormwater management, groundwater remediation, and managing road runoff). We also identify tradeoffs in management approaches such as unanticipated retention and release of chemical cocktails from urban stormwater management best management practices (BMPs) and unintended consequences of alternative deicers on water quality. Overall, we show that FSS has direct and indirect effects on mobilization of diverse chemical cocktails of ions, metals, nutrients, organics, and radionuclides in freshwaters with mounting impacts. Our comprehensive review suggests what could happen if FSS were not managed into the future and evaluates strategies for reducing increasing risks to clean and safe drinking water, human health, costly infrastructure, biodiversity, and critical ecosystem services.

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Section: Discovery Of Widespread Freshwater Salinization In Humid Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identifying Risks Of Fss Based On Presence Of Radionuclides and Hydrogeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identifying Risks Of Fss Based On Presence Of Radionuclides and Hydrogeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks

et al. 2021

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Five state factors control progressive stages of freshwater salinization syndrome

Kaushal

Mayer

Likens

et al. 2022

Limnol Oceanogr Letters

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Factors driving freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS) influence the severity of impacts and chances for recovery. We hypothesize that spread of FSS across ecosystems is a function of interactions among five state factors: human activities, geology, flowpaths, climate, and time. (1) Human activities drive pulsed or chronic inputs of salt ions and mobilization of chemical contaminants. (2) Geology drives rates of erosion, weathering, ion exchange, and acidification‐alkalinization. (3) Flowpaths drive salinization and contaminant mobilization along hydrologic cycles. (4) Climate drives rising water temperatures, salt stress, and evaporative concentration of ions and saltwater intrusion. (5) Time influences consequences, thresholds, and potentials for ecosystem recovery. We hypothesize that state factors advance FSS in distinct stages, which eventually contribute to failures in systems‐level functions (supporting drinking water, crops, biodiversity, infrastructure, etc.). We present future research directions for protecting freshwaters at risk based on five state factors and stages from diagnosis to prognosis to cure.

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Decision tree for estimating groundwater contaminant through proxies considering seasonality and soil saturation

Dauji

Keesari

2021

Environ Monit Assess

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Developing Sensor Proxies for “Chemical Cocktails” of Trace Metals in Urban Streams

Cited by 12 publications

References 52 publications

Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks

Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks

Five state factors control progressive stages of freshwater salinization syndrome

Decision tree for estimating groundwater contaminant through proxies considering seasonality and soil saturation

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