Developing Snake Antivenom Sera by Genetic Immunization: A Review

Ramos, Henrique Roman; Ho, Paulo Lee

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6288-6_36-1

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Traditional antivenom production may face difficulties in snake collection, maintenance, and venom extraction. In addition, there is a low commercial value of the antivenom due to the lack of interest on the part of pharmaceutical companies to produce it (Ramos and Ho, 2015). Moreover, traditional antivenom safety and efficacy were challenged due to the presence of non-neutralizing horse serum (De Silva et al, 2016;Ko and Chung, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual prediction of potential immunogenic epitope of candoxin protein from Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venom

Grahadi¹,

Fatchiyah²,

Kurniawan³

2022

J Pharm Pharmacogn Res

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Context: Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) is a snake that is considered highly venomous snake and widely distributed across Southeast Asia. Envenomation by this snake is characterized by facial weakness, paralysis, respiratory muscle weakness, and in most cases, it renders the victim dead. Unfortunately, there is only one antivenom for neutralizing venom that is only available from the Thai Red Cross Society. Aims: To predict the epitopes from candoxin protein of B. candidus venom that could be a candidate for vaccine-based antivenom. Methods: In this study, IEDB and SYFPHEITHI databases were utilized to predict candoxin epitope sequences and determine their immunogenicity, conservancy, and population coverage. Next, the epitopes were modeled, and the binding interactions between epitopes and MHC-II were analyzed. The epitope that binds into the active site of human and murine MHC-II proceeded to the next step. Then, the allergenic properties of the chosen epitope were assessed to ensure its safety. Lastly, the physicochemical characteristics prediction and molecular dynamics simulation were conducted to verify the epitope’s stability when produced in vivo. Results: The results showed that epitope 47-CFKESWREARGTRIE-61 has the best binding interaction when compared to others. This epitope was confirmed that did not show potential allergenic properties. The physicochemical properties and molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that this epitope was stable. Conclusions: The results of this study will be useful in developing a novel antivenom for Bungarus candidus using a vaccine-based method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual prediction of potential immunogenic epitope of candoxin protein from Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venom

Grahadi¹,

Fatchiyah²,

Kurniawan³

2022

J Pharm Pharmacogn Res

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“…The only specific treatment currently available is antivenom (Table 1) or antisera since its development in 1894 39,40 . The traditional method for producing antivenoms is based on animal hyperimmunization with non-lethal venom doses with the following collection of large amounts of plasma 11,41 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current situation of snakebites envenomation in the Neotropics: Biotechnology, a versatile tool in the production of antivenoms.

Romo

Arias

Martin-Solano

2022

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Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people around the world with a great impact on health and the economy. Unfortunately, public health programs do not include this kind of disease as a priority in their social programs. Cases of snakebite envenomations in the Neotropics are inaccurate due to inadequate disease management from medical records to the choice of treatments. Victims of snakebite envenomation are primarily found in impoverished agricultural areas where remote conditions limit the availability of antivenom. Antivenom serum is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment used up to date. However, it has several disadvantages in terms of safety and effectiveness. This review provides a comprehensive insight dealing with the current epidemiological status of snakebites in the Neotropics and technologies employed in antivenom production. Also, modern biotechnological tools such as transcriptomic, proteomic, immunogenic, high-density peptide microarray and epitope mapping are highlighted for producing new-generation antivenom sera. These results allow us to propose strategic solutions in the Public Health Sector for managing this disease. Keywords: antivenom, biotechnology, neglected tropical disease, omics, recombinant antibody.

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Developing Snake Antivenom Sera by Genetic Immunization: A Review

Cited by 2 publications

References 50 publications

Virtual prediction of potential immunogenic epitope of candoxin protein from Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venom

Virtual prediction of potential immunogenic epitope of candoxin protein from Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venom

Current situation of snakebites envenomation in the Neotropics: Biotechnology, a versatile tool in the production of antivenoms.

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