Developing Strategy to Reduce the Mortality of Native Chicken using Qualitative Modeling

Abstract

Smallholder native chicken farming continues to face challenges that include simple farming management as well as ND and AI diseases that lead to decreased productivity and increased mortality rate. The aim of the study was to develop a strategy to reduce the mortality rate of native chickens in extensive and semi-intensive rearing systems. This study uses survey method with 78 extensive and 88 semi-intensive native chicken farmers as respondent. This study explores the disease incidence, illness treatment, mortality rate, as well as AI and ND antibody titers which then analyzed descriptively. System dynamic model using Ventana software (VENSIM) was used to identify the contributing factors to the mortality rate of native chicken in smallholder farming. The results showed that the common diseases among native chickens reared in semi-intensive and extensive farming are AI, ND, CRD, and pullorum, with a high rate of disease-specific mortality (>5%). Compared to native chickens in semi-intensive farming, those of in extensive farming showed a higher natural immunity against AI and ND. The qualitative modeling produced seven reinforcing loops and five balancing loops. Some challenges in developing native chicken farming were disease incidence due to lack of proper land and cage, the occurrence of selling unhealthy chickens, farmers opting out for poultry vaccination, high operational cost, lack of business motivation, limited knowledge on poultry management and health, lack of extension programs, and traditional management. We concluded that the rate of disease-specific mortality (ND and AI) remained high in native chickens reared both in extensive and semi-intensive farming. It takes an effort to improve farming management, vaccination, and the government’s contribution through extension programs to decrease disease incidence and mortality rate of native chickens.

Analysis of the Alabio Ducks Rearing Business with Herbal Medicine Supplementation in Lebak Swamplands of South Kalimantan

“…Prior to the avian flu outbreaks, the business had between 50 and 3000 birds/farmer. [7] stated the same thing, that the problem of ND and AI diseases in poultry farming enterprises at the farmer level with simple raising management causes a decline in productivity and a high mortality rate. This demonstrates that people's poultry farming businesses have poor biosecurity.…”

The Coverage Rate of Superior Native Chicken Vaccination and Factors Determining Farmers' Decision in the Vaccination Program

“…Vaccination is an important strategy in the development of the chicken industry to prevent and control disease outbreaks such as Newcastle Disease (ND), chronic respiratory disease (CRD), pullorum, and Avian Influenza (AI) which can infect humans (Campbell et al, 2019;Ismoyowati et al, 2022;Kencana et al, 2019;Musa et al, 2011;Pousga et al, 2018). Moreover, vaccination also impacts the productivity and survival rate of chickens (Bessell et al, 2020;Hugo et al, 2017;Knueppel et al, 2010); and makes chickens more viable for consumption and raising (Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo et al, 2014).…”

“…Moreover, vaccination also impacts the productivity and survival rate of chickens (Bessell et al, 2020;Hugo et al, 2017;Knueppel et al, 2010); and makes chickens more viable for consumption and raising (Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo et al, 2014). Unvaccinated chickens have a high risk of dying (Harrison & Alders, 2010), for instance, high mortality of native chickens was found in Hulu Sungai Utara District, South Kalimantan due to ND and AI diseases (Suryana, 2017), and in Kebumen and Banyumas Districts due to AI (Ismoyowati et al, 2022). AI also has impacted the contribution of poultry business particularly to small farmers' income from 83.5 percent to 68.7 percent after AI infection, according to a study Ilham & Yusdja, (2010) in West Java, East Java, and Lampung.…”