“…Additionally, another previous study generated modified obstacle-avoidance manoeuvring for the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm. A fast two-stage ACO algorithm was presented based on the scent pervasion principle, and its basic theory splits heuristic search into two stages (preprocess stage and path-planning stage), and simulation shows that the algorithm performs well in the case of the high grid resolution (Chen et al , 2013; Hong and Murray, 2015; Vinay and Sridharan, 2012). Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and ACO were also combined for eliminating the randomness of the classic ACO algorithm in the initial stage and for improving the rate of convergence (Dilmac et al , 2014; Elloumi et al , 2013, 2014).…”