Development and Application of Naturally Renewable Scaffold Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Mineralization on Electrospun Cellulose-Based Scaffolds

“…20,21 In vitro and in vivo applications of cellulose-based materials have negligible foreign body and inflammatory response reactions. 3,4,7,22 Consequently, they are considered biocompatible. 3,4,7 Cellulose-based material biocompatibility is further improved by functionalization with small amount of cations.…”

“…Biomaterials based on cellulose and its derivatives have been used as membranes for hemodialysis, carriers for immobilized enzymes, and as matrices for pharmaceuticals and drug-releasing scaffolds. ,− Cellulose has been used in both hard and soft tissue engineering . Examples include bone regeneration, ,− tissue engineering in postinjury brain, connective tissue formation, scaffolds for growing functional cardiac cell constructs in vitro, blood vessels, ,, artificial livers, expansion of progenitor hematopoietic cells in culture, and suppression of matrix metalloproteases action in wound healing. , In vitro and in vivo applications of cellulose-based materials have negligible foreign body and inflammatory response reactions. ,,, Consequently, they are considered biocompatible. ,, Cellulose-based material biocompatibility is further improved by functionalization with small amount of cations. , In addition, material performance tests, such as mechanical tests, have shown cellulose stability in physiological environments after gamma sterilization and in vitro and in vivo aging. , …”

Multifunctional Wound‐Dressing Composites Consisting of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Aloe Extracts and Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan Salt

“…Both synthetic and natural polymers can be used to prepare appropriate wound dressings. Some typical synthetic polymers, such as polypropene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA), although showing excellent molding ability and certain biodegradability, present inadequate biocompatibility and unpleasant side effects [9][10][11][12][13]. Naturally generated polymers are derived from biomacromolecules such as alginate, chitin/chitosan, gelatin, heparin, collagen, chondroitin, fibrin, keratin, silk fibroin, and bacterial cellulose (BC), and most of them show desirable properties of biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, fluid exchange, and moldable prototypes during the synthetic process [14][15][16][17][18][19][20], although some unavoidable defects, such as high cost, inappropriate mechanical properties, and untunable biodegradability, are still present [14,21].…”