“…In particular, the MEL method, which is flexible for the analysis of the strong nonlinearity of free surface and wave-body interactions, was applied using various solution methods of the Laplace equation such as boundary element method (BEM), finite element method (FEM), and harmonic polynomial cell (HPC) (Longuet-Higgins and Cokelet, 1976;Wu et al, 1998;Shao and Faltinsen, 2014). Because the mentioned solution method of the Laplace equation inevitably requires matrix operation, the MEL method, which reconstructs the free surface grid every time step to reflect the completely nonlinear free surface, requires high computational costs for calculations of a solution of boundary value problem (Oh et al, 2018). In contrast, the higher-order spectral (HOS) method of Dommermuth and Yue (1987), based on a higher-order analysis method, can determine the solution of the boundary value problem using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) without a matrix operation.…”