Development and assessment of an x-ray tube-based multi-beam x-ray scatter projection imaging system

Abstract

Coherent scatter x-ray imaging systems are sensitive to material structure and chemical composition, and generate soft-material images with contrast superior to conventional transmission x-ray imaging. For practicality in medical or security applications, the image data acquisition time should be <10 min. Our approach is a multi-beam projection imaging design. Previously, as a development stage, we implemented a synchrotron-based system with five coplanar pencil beams and continuous motion of the object. In the work reported here, we developed a more practical coherent scatter projection imaging system using a conventional x-ray tube source. The object is irradiated by an array of up to three rows by five columns of pencil beams, and motorized stages translate the object through the beams for step-and-shoot acquisition. For the same tube loading, broad spectrum beams, such as 110 kVp filtered with 2.25 mm Al, were found to provide a higher signal-difference-to-noise ratio between soft materials in scatter images than lower kVp, more heavily filtered beams that have a narrower, lower intensity spectrum. The shortest acquisition time for a 6.0 × 10.0 cm2 object with 6000 pixels was 8.8 min. The width of a sharp edge in the scatter image was consistent with the pencil beam diameter. Contrast-detail performance was similar to our synchrotron-based system. In this first x-ray tube-based system, for simplicity, the transmitted x rays are measured through attenuators using the same flat-panel detector that measures scattered x rays. As a result, the primary image quality was reduced.

Spectrum optimization for x-ray dual-mode imager comprising radiography and coherent scatter

“…If the system is limited by the x-ray beam statistics, then the image noise would grow as the square root of the fluence but in fact the log-log graph in Figure 7(a) for polyethylene has a slope of 0.85, and in Figure 7(b) for water it is 0.90. This behaviour was observed in previous work 35 for which the signals were all in the lower part of the detector's range. The current work spans most of the detector's range.…”

“…More pencil beams than at a synchrotron are possible because the x-ray tube output is a 2-d beam, whereas the synchrotron monochromator output is a fan. Our system 34,35 comprises 15 pencil beams, a flat panel detector, sample motion control, and a single-phase x-ray power supply, all of which are controlled by an Arduino microprocessor. It was designed to image biological samples such as bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat, up to 10 cm x 10 cm in area and 1 kg mass.…”