Commercial
products are now making use of the unique properties
of nanoscale particles. However, common challenges of making nanoparticles
into products still limit their impact. In this article, we review
recent advances in nanoparticle manufacturing in liquids, clarifying
the similarities between different processes and products at a system
level. Our integrative survey emphasizes the fundamental challenge
of heterogeneity, which propagates through manufacturing processes
and increases the cost of quality control. We also consider the central
constraint of production scale, external costs of safety and sustainability,
and technology transfer from the laboratory to the market. We review
applications of nanoparticles in nanocomposite materials, healthcare
and medicine, electronics and photonics, and energy and the environment,
and conclude with a summary of the critical issues.