Development and Efficacy of a Canine Pelvic Limb Model Used to Teach the Cranial Drawer and Tibial Compression Tests in the Stifle Joint

Abstract

Canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is the most common cause of pelvic limb lameness in dogs. CCLR results in palpable stifle instability secondary to cranial translation of the tibial relative to the femur, and it can be diagnosed during the orthopedic exam using the cranial drawer test (CDT) and tibial compression test (TCT). Accurate diagnosis of CCLR depends on the efficacy in performing these tests. In this study, two three-dimensional canine pelvic limb models were developed: one simulating a normal stifle and one simulating CCLR. Thirty-eight veterinary student participants answered questionnaires and performed both the CDT and TCT on a randomly assigned model. Twenty-one participants also manipulated the models one week later to assess skill retention in the short term. Mean levels of reported confidence in diagnosing CCLR and finding anatomic landmarks for CDT/TCT were significantly higher following model manipulation. Nearly all participants reported that they desired a model for teaching the diagnosis of CCLR. Most participants (92.5%) felt that the tested model would be useful for teaching CCLR diagnosis. Accuracy in diagnosing CCLR with the TCT significantly improved over time. Participant response indicated that while the tested model was effective and desirable, an ideal model would be more durable and lifelike. Further studies are needed to evaluate the developed models' effectiveness for teaching CCLR diagnosis compared to traditional teaching methods.

The Use of 3-D Models of Echocardiographic Imaging Planes for Teaching Echocardiography Techniques for Use in Dogs and Cats

“…13 Studies on the efficacy of teaching strategies based on the use of 2-D images and their associated 3-D structures found a significant improvement in the students' acquisition of knowledge when compared with the use of 2-D images only. 5,11,15,16 In our study, there was a trend towards better assessment scores for the students with no prior experience who used the 3-D models in their studies (i.e. the model group).…”

“…9 A study evaluating the usefulness of a canine pelvic limb model used to teach cranial drawer and tibial compression tests in the stifle joint, confirmed that veterinary students were able to accurately diagnose canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture with the tibial compression test, following training on the model. 15 Similarly, a study involving the use of 3-D printed vertebrae models indicated that the models facilitated student learning of normal canine vertebral anatomy and improved their identification of canine spinal fractures. 16 In summary, 3-D models have been used to teach different techniques, with the common purpose of facilitating a better understanding of anatomical structures, increasing student engagement, and improving the students’ diagnostic and clinical skills.…”

“…Other studies have reported equally positive feedback from students using 3-D models. 9,15,16,19 For instance, in a study comparing 3-D simulators and videos for the teaching of standardised cardiac dissection, students identified as positive attributes the physical, tactile and interactive nature of the simulator, in addition to its ease of use, reusability, better visualisation, anatomic correctness and orientation. 9 A study evaluating the usefulness of a canine pelvic limb model used to teach cranial drawer and tibial compression tests in the stifle joint, confirmed that veterinary students were able to accurately diagnose canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture with the tibial compression test, following training on the model.…”

Use of color‐coded, three‐dimensional‐printed equine carpus models is preferred by students but does not result in statistically different academic performance

“…Computer programs can convert cross‐sectional imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to print physical models of a body part of interest. There are limited prior studies evaluating three‐dimensional‐printed anatomic models as supplemental aids to enhance performance of veterinary students 15–17 . Limitations of these studies included their evaluation of students on a volunteer basis (in which they knew their performance was not graded) and low number of subjects.…”

“…There are limited prior studies evaluating three-dimensional-printed anatomic models as supplemental aids to enhance performance of veterinary students. [15][16][17] Limitations of these studies included their evaluation of students on a volunteer basis (in which they knew their performance was not graded) and low number of subjects.…”