Development and implementation of a potential coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis of vaccine clinical trials

Abstract

Introduction: To date, there is no comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the suitability of COVID-19 vaccines for mass immunization. The current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of novel COVID-19 vaccine candidates under clinical trial evaluation and present a contemporary update on the development and implementation of a potential vaccines.
 Methods: For this study PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase electronic databases were used to search for eligible studies on the interface between novel coronavirus and vaccine design until December 31, 2020.
 Results: We have included fourteen non-randomized and randomized controlled phase I-III trials. Implementation of a universal vaccination program with proven safety and efficacy through robust clinical evaluation is the long-term goal for preventing COVID-19. The immunization program must be cost-effective for mass production and accessibility. Despite pioneering techniques for the fast-track development of the vaccine in the current global emergency, mass production and availability of an effective COVID-19 vaccine could take some more time.
 Conclusions: Our findings invited a revisit to the reported solicited and unsolicited SAE for COVID-19 candidate vaccines. Hence, it is alarming to judiciously expose thousands of participants to COVID-19 candidate vaccines at Phase-3 trials that have adverse events and insufficient evidence on safety and effectiveness that necessitates further justification.

Adverse Effects of the COVID-19 Vaccine Reported by Lecturers and Staff of Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan

“…Most of the COVID-19 vaccines utilize S protein, a protein that supports the virus to enter the cells and start the infection process. 4 , 5 Many vaccines have been introduced and at least 13 different vaccines (across 4 platforms) are currently in use. 6…”

“…Most of the COVID-19 vaccines utilize S protein, a protein that supports the virus to enter the cells and start the infection process. 4,5 Many vaccines have been introduced and at least 13 different vaccines (across 4 platforms) are currently in use. 6 These vaccines are either Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines such as Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines or Vector vaccines such as Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca vaccines, Protein subunit vaccines, and inactivated vaccines such as Sinopharm vaccine.…”

“…Following the production of copies of S protein and their expression on the surface of host cells, the host immune system begins to recognize and react to viral particles. 4,5,7,8 Subunit vaccines contain the harmless S protein only. 4,5,8 The first mass vaccination program started in early December 2020 in Europe.…”

“…4,5,7,8 Subunit vaccines contain the harmless S protein only. 4,5,8 The first mass vaccination program started in early December 2020 in Europe. 9 Until June 2021, more than 1.9 billion doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have been administered globally.…”

COVID-19 Recovery Patterns Across Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Delta (B.1.617.2) Variants of SARS-CoV-2

“…The respiratory infection, COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2 that originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019 rapidly devolved into a worldwide pandemic in March of 2020 (1). Despite experiencing differential evolution across geographies and continuing well into 2021, this pandemic also saw unprecedented global initiatives in vaccine development, approval, and implementation efforts that have resulted in a decline in the number and severity of cases (2)(3)(4)(5). Several studies have found vaccination to be linked with the reduced number of cases and severity of infection (6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”