Development and Initial Validation of the Perceived Classism Experiences Scale

Cavalhieri, Klaus E.; Chwalisz, Kathleen

doi:10.1177/0011000019899395

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The PCES' bifactor structure implies items load on their subscales and also share an underlying common factor, indicating both individual subscale scores or overall classism score can be used. Cavalhieri and Chwalisz (2020) found high internal consistency (α = .91, ω = .95) for the PCES total score, which was positively correlated to stress and anxiety, and negatively correlated to life satisfaction and wellbeing. The Cronbach's α for the PCES' items in the current study was .93.…”

Section: Classismmentioning

confidence: 89%

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The compounded effects of classism and racism on mental health outcomes for African Americans.

Cavalhieri¹,

Wilcox²

2022

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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Much research exists demonstrating that experiences of racism are detrimental to the mental health of African Americans; however, Lewis and Van Dyke (2018) argued that examining the effects of racism alone neglects the intragroup diversity (and thus intersectional oppression) of African Americans. Thus, and given the economic oppression experienced by African Americans, the present study sought to examine the compounded effects or racism and classism on African Americans' mental health. African American participants (N = 113) were recruited from an online crowdsourcing platform. A multivariate multiple regression was performed to examine the effects of racism, classism, and the interaction of racism and classism on depression, stress, and well-being. After controlling for gender, age, and employment status, classism, but not racism, was significantly related to stress, well-being, and depression. The interaction effect of racism and classism was also significantly related to stress and well-being, with participants endorsing more of both racism and classism reporting better mental health outcomes, consistent with the resilience (rather than the greater risk) perspective. Findings suggested that experiences of classism are detrimental to the mental health and well-being of African Americans, but that greater experiences of both racism and classism were actually related to better, not poorer, mental health and well-being. Public Significance StatementThis study demonstrated that experiences of classism are related to greater stress and poorer well-being of African Americans, but that experiencing more of both racism and classism was actually related to less stress and better well-being, consistent with a resilience (rather than greater risk) perspective. The findings highlight the importance of understanding classism for African Americans, and the need for greater examination of intersecting experiences of discrimination and oppression.

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Section: Classismmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…N = 113. PCES-C = Perceived Classism Experiences Scale-Centered (Cavalhieri & Chwalisz, 2020); IRRS-Ind-C = Index or Race Related Stress-Individual subscale-Centered (Utsey, 1999); PSS = Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al, 1983); OHQ = Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Hills & Argyle, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The compounded effects of classism and racism on mental health outcomes for African Americans.

Cavalhieri¹,

Wilcox²

2022

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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“…Thus, people may have reported incidents of classism from early in their lives, meaning that classism might not have been currently salient to participants. Therefore, to reflect more recent experiences of classism, future studies could use the recently developed Perceived Classism Experiences Scale (Cavalhieri & Chwalisz, 2020), which was also not available when we conducted the current study. Regardless, this scale measures classism experienced in the past year, which would be more appropriate.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Classism and Critical Consciousness Within Psychology of Working Theory

Kim

Allan

2021

Journal of Career Assessment

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Building from psychology of working theory, this study tested how critical consciousness, composed of perceived inequality, egalitarianism, and critical action, moderate the relations between contextual barriers (i.e., economic constraints and classism) and psychological variables (i.e., work volition and career adaptability) with a sample of 403 employees in the United States. Findings suggested that people who had high egalitarianism had a stronger negative relation between economic constraints and work volition. Results also revealed that people who had low egalitarianism had a negative relation between classism and career adaptability. Regarding critical action, people who had low or moderate levels of critical action had a stronger negative relation between economic constraints and work volition. Moreover, people who had low or moderate levels of critical action had a stronger negative relation between classism and career adaptability. Findings encourage practitioners and employers to consider egalitarianism and critical action as potential targets in vocational interventions.

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“…Although the impact of economic expectations is pervasive in capitalist societies, the implications of downward and upward classism cannot and should not be compared (Cavalhieri & Chwalisz, 2020 ; Liu & Cavalhieri, 2022 ; Liu, 2011a , b ). People from lower social classes do not have the same societal power, and even though they might hold prejudice toward people in higher social classes, they do not have political power to support institutions that marginalize or discriminate against the wealthy (Smith, 2005 ).…”

Section: Social Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Different Types of Classism on Psychological Outcomes: Preliminary Findings

Cavalhieri

Willyard

Phillippi

2023

Int J Adv Counselling

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In interpersonal relationships, people make assumptions about others’ social class standing and interact with them based on these assumptions, which constitutes classism. Classism has an adverse impact on people’s overall functioning, although scholarly attention on the unique impact of different types of classism, as proposed the Social Class Worldview Model-Revised (SCMW-R; Liu, 2011), has lagged behind. To address this gap in the literature, we explored how different types of classism (i.e., downward, upward, and lateral) can account for unique variance as predictors of psychological outcomes. Overall, our findings indicate that there is a unique impact of different types of classism on psychological outcomes (i.e., stress, anxiety, well-being, attitudes toward mental health care), beyond social status and overall discrimination alone.

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Development and Initial Validation of the Perceived Classism Experiences Scale

Cited by 11 publications

References 61 publications

The compounded effects of classism and racism on mental health outcomes for African Americans.

The compounded effects of classism and racism on mental health outcomes for African Americans.

Examining Classism and Critical Consciousness Within Psychology of Working Theory

The Effects of Different Types of Classism on Psychological Outcomes: Preliminary Findings

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