Development and Mass Production of Bifacial Q.ANTUM p-Cz PERC Cells

Lee, Benjamin G.; Schaper, Martin; Bakowskie, R.; Bus, Dominik; Won, Richard; Müller, Jörg; Cieslak, J.; Schwabedissen, A.; Wissen, D.; Geisler, Steffen; Rudolph, T.; Stenzel, F.; Wasmer, Sven; Faulwetter-Quandt, Björn

doi:10.1109/pvsc40753.2019.8980672

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…3). Approximately 0.5% per year efficiency gain is more typical for cell technologies reaching maturity, as observed previously for Al-BSF and PERC [3]. As PERC is already approaching its maximum efficiency potential, it is difficult there to maintain a 0.5% annual learning rate, but by switching to passivating-contact cells we expect that such efficiency increases can continue for several additional years.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Towards >25% Efficiency of Passivating-Contact Solar Cells in Mass Production

Lee,

Stenzel,

Albrecht

et al. 2024

SiliconPV Conf Proc

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We report efficiencies of >24% being consistently achieved in mass-production of passivating-contact solar cells. Furthermore, the certified efficiency of cells from our pilot line has reached 25.3% with 730 mV open-circuit voltage. An analysis of the cell performance, including simulations, shows that the cells’ rear-side is nearly ideal, while there remains potential for further optimization of the front emitter and passivation.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Towards >25% Efficiency of Passivating-Contact Solar Cells in Mass Production

Lee,

Stenzel,

Albrecht

et al. 2024

SiliconPV Conf Proc

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“…The first squeegee blade with an angle of 60 • and the second squeegee blade with an angle of 130 • were set at a pressure of 3.5 N and a speed of 200 mm•s −1 . Monocrystalline silicon precursors with a passivated emitter rear contact (PERC) structure and size of 156.75 mm × 156.75 mm from a pilot line of Hanwha Q Cells (Thalheim, Germany) [15] were used as substrates and placed underneath the film at a distance of 200 µm. To avoid electrode interruptions, a determination of laser power threshold for each paste was performed.…”

Section: Ptp Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Thick-Film-Paste Rheology and Film Material for Pattern Transfer Printing (PTP) Technology

et al. 2021

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Steady cost pressure in silicon solar cell production leads to a continuous reduction of silver consumption per cell. Pattern Transfer Printing (PTP) technology enables to reduce silver consumption by depositing smaller front electrodes on solar cells. Here, we aim at a better understanding of the laser deposition process. The aspect ratio of printed lines improved with increasing paste yield stress but was lower than the theoretical aspect ratio for a given trench geometry, suggesting that line spreading was caused by the pressure that was due to the vaporization of volatile paste components and a yield stress reduction that was due to local paste heating. A low laser power threshold, mandatory to fabricate narrow electrodes with a high aspect ratio and low amount of debris, could be achieved using pastes with low boiling temperature of volatile components and poor wetting between paste and film. The material with the lowest light transmission exhibited the lowest laser power threshold. We attribute this to the weaker adhesion to the paste and a better alignment with the laser focal plane. Our results provide valuable guidelines for paste and film material design aimed at narrower electrodes, with a higher aspect ratio to be obtained at an even lower laser power threshold in PTP-based solar cell metallization.

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“…iii) Improvement of the PERC cell efficiency of 0.5 % within the next two years [24]. iv) Increasing wafer format [19], which results for M4 in a half cell area of 129.1 cm 2 and v) for M6 in a half cell area of 137.1 cm 2 .…”

Section: Temperature Prediction For Future Cells and Modulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This development will also increase the dissipated power of reverse biased cells and brings the concept of three bypass diodes per module to the limit. The most critical developments that further exacerbate the hot spot issues are: i) The continuously improving cell and module efficiencies [19,24]. ii) Larger wafer formats that are pushing into the market since they potentially reduce the production cost [19,23,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Bypass Diodes Architecture at the Limit

Witteck

Siebert

Blankemeyer

et al. 2020

IEEE J. Photovoltaics

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In this work we demonstrate that inhomogeneous illumination of state-of-the-art solar modules with three bypass diodes results in hot cells with critical peak temperatures of 164 °C. We examine two solar modules in the hot spot endurance test, one with 367.3 WP featuring 72 full cells and the other with 388.6 WP featuring 144 half cells. For the module with 72 cells we measure a maximum temperature of 164 °C, which results in a degradation of the encapsulation material and increases the risk of module failure. Our experiments show that the half cell module is advantageous in the hot spot endurance test compared to the full cell module. Although the half cell module has a higher power output than the full cell module we measure a cooler peak temperature of 150 °C. We also show that under certain shading conditions, the half cell module exhibits similar temperatures as the full cell module. Based on our experimental results we develop an electrical and a thermal model to predict the temperature of future solar modules in the hot spot endurance test. In our prediction we consider the trends of further increasing cell and module efficiencies, larger wafer formats, and larger solar modules. For the worst case we simulate a peak temperature of 176 °C at the module's surface, which significantly increases the risk of module failure. Our results show that future modules employing bifacial solar cells that are made from larger wafer formats, need a new protection against overheating. Three bypass diodes per module are no longer sufficient.

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Development and Mass Production of Bifacial Q.ANTUM p-Cz PERC Cells

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Towards >25% Efficiency of Passivating-Contact Solar Cells in Mass Production

Towards >25% Efficiency of Passivating-Contact Solar Cells in Mass Production

Investigation of Thick-Film-Paste Rheology and Film Material for Pattern Transfer Printing (PTP) Technology

Three Bypass Diodes Architecture at the Limit

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