Development and Physiology of the Intestinal Mucosal Defense

Shi, Hai Ning; Walker, W. Allan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00002-1

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 197 publications

(228 reference statements)

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“…GALT forms the center of mucosal immunity in the intestine, where absorption of nutrients occurs and antigens from nutrients and the intestinal microbiota (bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) can elicit an immune response. The intestinal epithelial barrier, composed mainly of enterocytes (Paneth cells, goblet cells, microfold (M) cells), is a crucial tissue structure that prevents pathogen invasion ( 6 ).…”

Section: The Interaction Of Nutrients and Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microbiota-derived metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, capsular polysaccharide A, lipopolysaccharides) stimulate and modulate DCs and macrophages to create an antigen presentation environment that favors the differentiation of Th0 cells into Th3 Tregs that inhibit T- and B-cell inflammatory responses triggered by food, commensal, and environmental antigens. Adapted from refs ( 6 – 16 ).…”

Section: The Interaction Of Nutrients and Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Immunological Outcomes

2021

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Through food intake, humans obtain a variety of nutrients that are essential for growth, cellular function, tissue development, energy, and immune defense. A special interaction between nutrients and gut-associated lymphoid tissue occurs in the intestinal tract. Enterocytes of the intestinal barrier act as sensors for antigens from nutrients and the intestinal microbiota, which they deliver to the underlying immune system of the lamina propria, triggering an immune response. Studies investigating the mechanism of influence of nutrition on immunological outcomes have highlighted an important role of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, probiotics) in modulating immune homeostasis. Nutrients exert their role in innate immunity and inflammation by regulating the expression of TLRs, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus interfering with immune cell crosstalk and signaling. Chemical substrates derived from nutrient metabolism may act as cofactors or blockers of enzymatic activity, influencing molecular pathways and chemical reactions associated with microbial killing, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Immune cell function appears to be influenced by certain nutrients that form parts of the cell membrane structure and are involved in energy production and prevention of cytotoxicity. Nutrients also contribute to the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses by modulating B and T lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation and activation, and antibody production. The purpose of this review is to present the available data from the field of nutritional immunology to elucidate the complex and dynamic relationship between nutrients and the immune system, the delineation of which will lead to optimized nutritional regimens for disease prevention and patient care.

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Section: The Interaction Of Nutrients and Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Interaction Of Nutrients and Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Immunological Outcomes

2021

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“…The epithelium of fetuses has not yet developed into the adults' type of epithelium, which is found in four types: enterocytes, entero(neuro)-endocrine, goblet cells, and Paneth cells, and no mucosal integrity assembling the epithelial lining. Likewise, microfold cells (M cells) and Peyer patches, lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria as gut-associated lymphoid tissue, play a role in inducing the defense system, in addition to the insufficient mucus layer (3,4). Lamina muscularis, which plays a role in propulsion, is also found to be insufficient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, mucin insufficiency, and mucosal permeability that is not achieved due to unassembled integrity of epithelial lining, allow bacterial translocation. Thus, immaturity of the gastrointestinal leads to sepsis, which is fatal (3). Besides sepsis, the clinical entity associated with intestinal immaturity in preterm neonates is necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which is also fatal (8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides sepsis, the clinical entity associated with intestinal immaturity in preterm neonates is necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which is also fatal (8,9). The immature intestine reacts to molecular patterns of colonizing bacteria and endogenous inflammatory stimuli by mounting excessive inflammation, a hallmark of NEC, due to developmental immaturity in the innate immune response gene (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Spermine Supplementation in Gestated Rabbit: A Study on Villi Height of Immature Intestines

Tamba

Moenadjat

2021

Front. Surg.

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Introduction: Immature intestines are the major problem in prematurity. Postnatal oral spermine has been shown in studies to improve intestinal maturation in rats and piglets. This study aimed to find out the efficacy of spermine in rabbits during gestation.Method: An experimental study was done in an unblinded, randomized manner on those treated with and without spermine administration. A morphological examination of hematoxylin–eosin-stained villi was performed under a light microscope with a focus on villi height. Data were subjected to analysis.Results: The median of the spermine-treated group was found to be higher at 24, 26, and 28 days than the non-spermine group, but was not significantly different.Conclusion: Oral spermine supplementation during gestation might improve intestinal villi height in immature rabbit intestines.

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The Lymphatic System

Khamas,

Rutllant

2024

Anatomy and Histology of the Domestic Chicken

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Development and Physiology of the Intestinal Mucosal Defense

Cited by 10 publications

References 197 publications

The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Immunological Outcomes

The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Immunological Outcomes

Oral Spermine Supplementation in Gestated Rabbit: A Study on Villi Height of Immature Intestines

The Lymphatic System

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