Development and Preliminary Validation of a Trait Version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale

Abstract

After developing a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS), we evaluated its reliability, its convergent validity with six other trait mindfulness measures, and its construct validity in relation to prior meditation experience. A sample of nonmeditators ( N = 218) and meditators ( N = 243) with a wide range of meditation experience completed the Trait TMS and the six other mindfulness measures. Internal consistency reliability of the Trait TMS was comparable to that of the original State TMS. Significant positive correlations were found between both TMS factors and the other mindfulness measures; however, in general, the correlations for TMS Decenter were higher than for TMS Curiosity. Scores for TMS Decenter were shown to increase with meditation experience, but this was not the case for TMS Curiosity. The TMS Curiosity factor may assess a unique aspect of the mindfulness construct. Implications of these findings in relation to future mindfulness research are discussed.

Meta-Awareness During Day and Night

“…Brown & Ryan, 2003) or to consist of several dimensions, with either two (e.g. decentering and curiosity, Davis, Lau, & Cairns, 2009;awareness and acceptance, Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra, & Farrow, 2008), four (e.g. observing, describing, acting with awareness, and accepting without judgement, Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004;attention, present focus, awareness, acceptance, Feldman, Hayes, Kumar, Greeson, & Laurenceau, 2007), or five factors (e.g.…”

Feasibility, Acceptability, and Clinical Trends of a Mindfulness-Informed Child Welfare Intervention: Implications for Trauma-Focused Practice

“…To assess state mindfulness that can vary in a short period of time, the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS; Davis, Lau, & Cairns, 2009) was used. Thirteen items comprise the two factors (Curiosity and Decentering) of the TMS.…”

“…After engaging in a brief 5-10 minute mindful breathing and/or experiential exercise, participants were asked to rate items on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much). Internal consistency reliability include a Cronbach's α of .88 for Curiosity and .84 for Decentering (Davis et al, 2009). Scores on the Mindful Curiosity scale range from 0-24 and on the Mindful Decentering scale from 0-28.…”

Mindfulness, stress and burnout among mental health professionals in Singapore

“…To assess level of mindfulness, several self-report questionnaires have been developed, with at least eight mindfulness scales published in the last decade. These are: the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) , the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) (Walach et al 2006), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) ), the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS) (Feldman et al 2007), the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ) (Chadwick et al 2008), the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) (Cardaciotto et al 2008), the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) (Davis et al 2009), and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) . , in their recent systematic review of instruments to measure mindfulness, reported that the FFMQ had the highest possible rating for internal consistency and construct validation.…”

“…These are: the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) (K. W. , the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) (Walach, Buchheld, Buttenmüller, Kleinknecht, & Schmidt, 2006), the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) , the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale (CAMS) (Feldman, Hayes, Kumar, Greeson, & Laurenceau, 2007), the Southampton Mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ) (Chadwick et al, 2008), the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) (Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra, & Farrow, 2008), the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (TMS) (Davis, Lau, & Cairns, 2009) Compared with other measures of mindfulness, the FFMQ is unique in that it was developed based on five published measures (MAAS, FMI, KIMS, CAMS, and SMQ). examined the factor structure of mindfulness using these five published measures with a student sample in United States, and reported that factor analyses of the combined pool of items suggested the presence of a total of five facets of mindfulness.…”