Development and structure of resin glands on tissues of <i>Betula pendula</i> Roth, during growth

Lapinjoki, Seppo; Elo, Heikki A.; Taipale, Hannu

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb04902.x

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Many of the secondary chemicals that are thought to be involved in induced resistance to herbivory are synthesized in specialized tissues that are active only during periods of new growth (e.g., Wolfson and Murdock 1990;Baldwin and Schmelz 1996). Many physical components of induced resistance such as resins, trichomes, and selective abscission of infested organs were found to be responses of young, actively growing plants to recent attack (e.g., Lapinjoki et al 1991;Baur et al 1991;Preszler and Price 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Plant age, communication, and resistance to herbivores: young sagebrush plants are better emitters and receivers

Shiojiri

Karban

2006

Oecologia

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Plants progress through a series of distinct stages during development, although the role of plant ontogeny in their defenses against herbivores is poorly understood. Recent work indicates that many plants activate systemic induced resistance after herbivore attack, although the relationship between resistance and ontogeny has not been a focus of this work. In addition, for sagebrush and a few other species, individuals near neighbors that experience simulated herbivory become more resistant to subsequent attack. Volatile, airborne cues are required for both systemic induced resistance among branches and for communication among individuals. We conducted experiments in stands of sagebrush of mixed ages to determine effects of plant age on volatile signaling between branches and individuals. Young and old control plants did not differ in levels of chewing damage that they experienced. Systemic induced resistance among branches was only observed for young plants. Young plants showed strong evidence of systemic resistance only if airflow was permitted among branches; plants with only vascular connections showed no systemic resistance. We also found evidence for volatile communication between individuals. For airborne communication, young plants were more effective emitters of cues as well as more responsive receivers of volatile cues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Plant age, communication, and resistance to herbivores: young sagebrush plants are better emitters and receivers

Shiojiri

Karban

2006

Oecologia

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“…1) is a dammarane triterpene and the principal component of the resin secreted by glandular trichomes (resin glands) produced by the current-annualgrowth (CAG) twigs of the juvenile ontogenetic phase (seedlings and saplings; Kozlowski 1971) of the resinous tree birches Betula neoalaskana (synonym B. resinifera) and B. pendula (Reichardt 1981;Reichardt et al 1984;Lapinjoki et al 1991;Taipale et al 1994;Bryant and Julkunen-Tiitto 1995;Julkunen-Tiitto et al 1996). Several observations indicate that PA deters browsing by mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Papyriferic Acid, An Antifeedant Triterpene From Birch Trees, Inhibits Succinate Dehydrogenase From Liver Mitochondria

et al. 2009

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Papyriferic acid (PA) is a triterpene that is secreted by glands on twigs of the juvenile ontogenetic phase of resin producing tree birches (e.g., Betula neoalaskana, B. pendula) and that deters browsing by mammals such as the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). We investigated the pharmacology of PA as a first step in understanding its antifeedant effect. After oral administration to rats, PA and several metabolites were found in feces but not urine, indicating that little was absorbed systemically. Metabolism involved various combinations of hydrolysis of its acetyl and malonyl ester groups, and hydroxylation of the terpene moiety. The presence of a malonyl group suggested a possible interaction with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a mitochondrial enzyme known to be competitively inhibited by malonic acid. The effect of PA on the oxidation of succinate by SDH was examined in mitochondrial preparations from livers of ox, rabbit, and rat. In all three species, PA was a potent inhibitor of SDH. Kinetic analysis indicated that, unlike malonate, PA acted by an uncompetitive mechanism, meaning that it binds to the enzyme-substrate complex. The hydrolysis product of PA, betulafolienetriol oxide, was inactive on SDH. Overall, the evidence suggests that PA acts as the intact molecule and interacts at a site other than the succinate binding site, possibly binding to the ubiquinone sites on complex II. Papyriferic acid was potent (K(iEIS) ranged from 25 to 45 microM in the three species) and selective, as malate dehydrogenase was unaffected. Although rigorous proof will require further experiments, we have a plausible mechanism for the antifeedant effect of PA: inhibition of SDH in gastrointestinal cells decreases mitochondrial energy production resulting in a noxious stimulus, 5-HT release, and sensations of nausea and discomfort. There is evidence that the co-evolution of birches and hares over a large and geographically-diverse area in Northern Europe and America has produced marked differences in the formation of PA by birches, and the tolerance of hares to dietary PA. The present findings on the metabolic fate and biochemical effects of PA provide a rational basis for investigating the mechanisms underlying differences among populations of hares in their tolerance of a PA-rich diet.

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“…The plants were grown from seeds originating from the following locations: B. pendula and B. pubescens were from Loppi, Finland (60 ~ 38'N, 25 ~ 28'E), B. resinifera and B. papyrifera from Histological sample preparation. Samples for the light microscopy were prepared and stained with haematoxylin as in Lapinjoki et al (1991), and the phenol-specific postfixation with osmium-iodide (Scalet et al 1989) was included where indicated. During an earlier work (Raatikainen et al 1992) we tested that the triterpenes do not react with OSO4.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological and chemical comparison of triterpene and phenolic deterrent contents of juvenile shoots of Betula species

Taipale

Härmälä

Rousi³

et al. 1994

Trees

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Summary. Defence-related epithelial structures of juvenile stems and their phytochemistry were compared between six woody species of Betula from different geographical areas. The shoots of B. pendula, B. papyrifera, B. platypylla and B. ermanii are covered by resin droplets secreted by multicellular peltate glands. The seedlings of B. papyrifera and B. pubescens are covered with long epithelial hairs. Closer topical examination also revealed smaller glands on B. papyrifera and B. pubescens. The glands of B. ermanii are oval while the other species have a round shape. Phenol-specific histochemical staining indicated phenolic compounds in the cells in active glands of the resinous birches, but not in those of the pubescent birches. The epithelial hairs were strongly positive to the phenol stain. Analysis of the triterpenoids (3~-and 3[~-papyriferic acid and pendulic acid) and a phenolic (platyphylloside) deterrent indicated that the morphological differences are accompanied by chemical ones. Pendulic acid was the main triterpene in B. ermanii instead of the 3~-papyriferic acid of the other resinous species. Concentrations of the triterpenes ranged from about 0.3 to 12 mg/g, while the platyphylloside level was around 0.5 mg/g in all of them. Some triterpenes were also detected in B. papyrifera, but none in B. pubescens. The former contained only about 0.05 mg/g of platyphylloside, but B. pubescens contained 4 mg/g of this compound.

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Development and structure of resin glands on tissues of Betula pendula Roth, during growth

Cited by 42 publications

References 11 publications

Plant age, communication, and resistance to herbivores: young sagebrush plants are better emitters and receivers

Plant age, communication, and resistance to herbivores: young sagebrush plants are better emitters and receivers

Papyriferic Acid, An Antifeedant Triterpene From Birch Trees, Inhibits Succinate Dehydrogenase From Liver Mitochondria

Histological and chemical comparison of triterpene and phenolic deterrent contents of juvenile shoots of Betula species

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