Development and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory.

Abstract

This research consisted of 3 studies, with a sample of over 3,000 Taiwanese college students, aimed at developing and validating a situation-specific Collectivist Coping Styles (CCS) inventory from an Asian perspective. The results from the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a stable 5-factor structure of the CCS: (a) Acceptance, Reframing, and Striving; (b) Family Support; (c) Religion-Spirituality; (d) Avoidance and Detachment; and (e) Private Emotional Outlets. These factors reflected Asians' use of a combination of primary and secondary control efforts and represented different constellations of items than typically found on coping-problem solving inventories in Western countries. Estimates of concurrent and construct validity suggest the CCS is related to a problem solving inventory, an overall problem resolution index, 2 psychological distress measures, and an index of how much the trauma interfered with the lives of participants in conceptually expected directions but is not strongly related to social desirability. Overall, the CCS was found to be a useful and psychometrically sound measure of collectivistic coping. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.

Predictors of Academic Procrastination in Asian International College Students

“…The large positive correlation between collective and avoidance coping is of concern and requires further investigation. However, this finding is not entirely unexpected, as some cross-cultural coping scholars have considered and measured avoidance and detachment coping as part of the collectivistic coping style associated with Asians (Heppner et al, 2006). Moreover, others have contended that avoidance approaches might be tied to Asians' deep-seated collective values and are motivated by Asians' tendency for "interdependence," "preservation of social harmony," and subsequently, for not "rocking the boat" .…”

A review of the acculturation experiences of international students

“…To seek help from peers and professionals for acculturative stress might imply personal failure to manage their emotions, thus, resulting in shame and loss of face (i.e., embarrassment) (Wei, et al, 2007). Additionally, Asian international students may also be reluctant to speak to family members and friends in their home country about how they are feeling for fear of burdening them with their problems (Constantine, Kindaichi, Okazaki, Gainor, & Baden, 2005;Heppner, et al, 2006). Due to these factors, emotional suppression may be the favoured coping style of Asian international students when faced with acculturative stressors, which may increase vulnerability to depression and anxiety (Chataway & Berry, 1989;Wei, Ku, Russell, Mallinckrodt, & Liao, 2008).…”

Developing and Validating a Questionnaire to Measure Spirituality: A Psychometric Process

“…However, the general criterion of an eigenvalue 1.00 could misrepresent the most appropriate number of factors (Gorsuch 1983;Heppner, Lee, Wang & Park 2006).…”