Development and validation of the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale

Abstract

<jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Purpose</jats:title><jats:p>To develop and validate the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES), an expanded mindful eating model created for the promotion of health and sustainability.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Design/methodology/approach</jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire surveys on Ochanomizu Health Study (OHS) was conducted. The survey was provided to 1,388 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a partial correlation analysis were used to confirm construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency of the EMES was confirmed to calculate Cronbach's alpha.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Findings</jats:title><jats:p>The response rate was 38.7 % (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 537). Mean BMI was 20.21 ± 2.12, and 18.8% of them were classified as “lean” (BMI &lt; 18.5). The authors listed 25 items and obtained a final factor structure of five factors and 20 items, as a result of EFA. Through CFA, the authors obtained the following fit indices for a final model: GFI = 0.914, AGFI = 0.890, CFI = 0.870 and RMSEA = 0.061. The total EMES score was significantly correlated with BMI, mindfulness, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and life satisfaction (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = −0.138, −0.315, −0.339, −0.281 and 0.149, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.01, respectively). Cronbach's alpha for all items in this scale was 0.687.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Practical implications</jats:title><jats:p>The authors suggest the possibility that practitioners and researchers of mindful eating that includes this new concept can use authors’ novel scale as an effective measurement tool.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Originality/value</jats:title><jats:p>The EMES, which can multidimensionally measure the concept of the expanded model of mindful eating was first developed in this study.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Polish Adaptation and Validation of the Intuitive (IES-2) and Mindful (MES) Eating Scales—The Relationship of the Concepts with Healthy and Unhealthy Food Intake (a Cross-Sectional Study)

“…In our study, the original six-factor MES structure was not confirmed, and several items have been removed, as they negatively affected model fit indices. Our results suggest that more studies with MES are needed to confirm its structure, including testing correlations between MES and other scales used to measure ME [ 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ] to ensure that MES is a reliable and valid tool to assess ME.…”

“…IES-2 incorporates an additional, fourth IE domain (“Body–Food Choice Congruence”), coherent with IE principles presented by the authors of this construct [ 8 ]. On the other hand, there are several measures to assess ME, for example, the Mindful Eating Questionnaire [ 28 ], the Mindful Eating Scale [ 29 ], the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale [ 30 ], the Mindful Eating Inventory [ 31 ], the Mindful Eating Behavior Scale [ 32 ], or the Four-Facet Mindful Eating Scale [ 33 ]. Nonetheless, to our knowledge, no adaptation study was conducted in the Polish representative population, which limits the possibility to use any of the mentioned instruments.…”

Validation of the An Abbreviated Version of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire in Turkish Adults

“…In the validity and reliability study of the expanded mindful eating scale, a negative correlation was found with the eating disorder inventory [22].…”

“…In light of these promising studies, it is very important to have reliable and valid tools to measure the change in which mindful eating interventions targeted. Therefore, mindful eating tools have been developed to assess conscious eating [19][20][21][22][23], and validity and reliability studies have been conducted in different sample groups [24][25][26]. The most cited and rst mindful eating tool in the literature was developed by Framson et al consists of a 28 items and 5 sub-scales (disinhibition, awareness, external cues, emotional response, and distraction) [20].…”

Translation and Modification of a Mindful Eating Questionnaire for Children Assisted by Item Response Theory in Chinese Children and Adolescents

“…A higher total MEQ score indicates a higher level of mindful eating traits, which is found to be negatively associated with weight status in adults [ 4 ]. Although other measurements, such as the Expanded and Four-Facets Mindful Eating Scales or inventory are available for adults [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], the MEQ has been widely used as a primary mindful eating measurement in practice [ 7 ].…”