Development and Validation of the Finite Element Model for the Human Lower Limb of Pedestrians

The influence of gait stance on pedestrian lower limb injury risk

“…As expected for a 40 km/h pedestrian impact, the predicted vonMises stress magnitudes are close to the failure thresholds for tibial (129 MPa) and femoral (114 MPa) cortical bone (Takahashi et al, 2000), see Fig. 5.…”

“…The current study focuses on the overall influence of pedestrian gait position on the knee kinematics and bone loading rather than absolute values. Furthermore, since the fracture/failure thresholds for human body lower limb structures are within a wide range (Takahashi et al, 2000), we did not explicitly consider tissue failure in the modeling.…”

“…The 10% gait stance is shown, and for each bone the maximum stress and the time of the maximum stress are shown separately for the proximal, shaft and distal regions. and femoral (114 MPa) cortical bone from cadaver tests (Takahashi et al, 2000) and thresholds of knee lateral bending angle (16 • ) and shearing displacement (14 cm) for knee ligament rupture (Mo et al, 2014) were applied as a reference for leg injury risk assessment. The current study focuses on the overall influence of pedestrian gait position on the knee kinematics and bone loading rather than absolute values.…”

A Numerical Investigation on the Variation in Hip Injury Tolerance With Occupant Posture During Frontal Collisions

“…The elastic modulus of the hip joint ligaments was assigned as 0.15 GPa within the range reported by Hewitt et al 2001 (0.076-0.286 GPa). The failure criteria of the femoral cortical bone and knee ligament were defined as 0.88 percent plastic strain (McElhaney 1966;Untaroiu et al 2004) and 40 percent maximum principal strain (Takahashi et al 2000), respectively. A sliding contact was defined between the femoral head and the hip joint capsule to prevent penetration in frontal impacts.…”

A numerical investigation of mid-femoral injury tolerance in axial compression and bending loading

“…The bone failure was modelled using the element elimination technique, which is based on the removal of elements whose stresses or strains reach predetermined critical values. A plastic strain criterion used to predict cortical bone fracture in the literature [25,29] was defined in the EP femur FE model. Since the ETI material model has no incorporated bone plasticity, a failure criterion based on a maximum value of von Mises stress was used [9].…”