Development and verification of RP-3 aviation kerosene surrogate fuel models using a genetic algorithm

Densities and Viscosities for the Ternary Mixtures of n-Undecane (1) + Butylcyclohexane (2) + 1-Pentanol (3) and Corresponding Binaries at T = (293.15 to 333.15) K

“…Typically, alkanes and alkyl-cycloalkanes, as essential elements in aviation kerosene like RP-3 and Jet-A1, have a significant impact on the physical and chemical properties of these fuels and thus affect the design of the propulsion system. − On the basis of keeping the design threshold of the integrated propulsion system as low as possible, scientists have been looking for hydrocarbons with similar properties to currently existing fuels as alternates. n -Undecane (C 11 H 24 ), in this way, is one of the most commonly considered surrogate components in view of its close elemental composition and similar physicochemical properties toward the general alkane blends in widely available RP-3 and Jet-A1. , Butylcyclohexane is another well-deemed surrogate component to represent the performance of cyclic-alkanes within some real fuels. , In addition, 1-pentanol, which takes the advantage of its relatively high energy density, decent lubricity, and low hygroscopicity properties, is also developed as an oxidation accelerant and lubricant for fuel. , With addition of 10% volume, the one that performs closest to RP-3 jet kerosene is a fuel mixed with 1-pentanol, compared to those mixed with C2 to C8 alcohols . The addition of 1-pentanol can improve the combustion performance of fuel and reduce the emission of soot and carbon monoxide. , …”

“…n-Undecane (C 11 H 24 ), in this way, is one of the most commonly considered surrogate components in view of its close elemental composition and similar physicochemical properties toward the general alkane blends in widely available RP-3 and Jet-A1. 21,22 Butylcyclohexane is another well-deemed surrogate component to represent the performance of cyclic-alkanes within some real fuels. 23,24 In addition, 1-pentanol, which takes the advantage of its relatively high energy density, decent lubricity, and low hygroscopicity properties, is also developed as an oxidation accelerant and lubricant for fuel.…”

Development of Ammonia Reaction Kinetic Mechanism under Engine-Relevant Conditions

“…It was necessary to perform sensitivity analysis by the initial kinetics reaction model of ammonia before optimization. 45 The temperature sensitivity analysis of ignition delay time, laminar flame speed, and product sensitivity analysis of major species are shown in Figures S1−S3 of the Supporting Information. The reactions to be optimized obtained from the sensitivity analysis are shown in Table 3.…”

“…Therefore, it has the characteristics of wide search coverage, convergence to the result, and parallel computing capability. 43 The Powell algorithm is a search method that utilizes the property of conjugate directions to accelerate convergence. 44 This method can be applied even when the derivatives of the objective function are discontinuous, making it a highly effective direct search method.…”

Understanding the Compositional Effects of SAFs on Combustion Intermediates

“…The number of targets to be matched can be in the order of the 10s, while the dimensionality is equal to the number of components included in the palette minus one, with multiple solutions. Different optimization strategies have been proposed in literature for this type of problems (machine learning and genetic algorithms are among them) (Kim and Violi, 2022;Yu et al, 2022). The optimizer used in this work exploits the optimization package available in Matlab and is inspired by a previous literature work by Narayanaswamy et al (Narayanaswamy and Pepiot, 2018).…”